低频雷达吸波材料的研究进展

韩敏阳; 韦国科; 周明; 赵越; 裴春传; 樊飞跃; 姬广斌

doi:10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20210909.010

低频雷达吸波材料的研究进展

doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20210909.010

1.
南京航空航天大学　材料科学与技术学院，南京 210016
2.
中国航空制造技术研究院，北京 100024
3.
江苏万华拓谷科技有限公司，泰州 225300

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金 (51971111)

详细信息

通讯作者:
姬广斌，博士，教授，博士生导师，研究方向为电磁功能材料　 E-mail: gbji@nuaa.edu.cn

中图分类号: TQ531.3
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-07-14
- 修回日期: 2021-08-15
- 录用日期: 2021-09-06
- 网络出版日期: 2021-09-10
- 刊出日期: 2022-04-01

Research progress of low-frequency radar absorbents

1.
College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
2.
China Aviation Manufacturing Technology Research Institute, Beijing 100024, China
3.
Jiangsu Wanhua Tuogu Technology CO. LTD., Taizhou 225300, China

摘要

摘要: 随着米波、分米波低频雷达在军事领域的大规模应用，飞行器特别是远程战略轰炸机受到的空中威胁愈来愈大，为提高其生存能力，除对飞行器进行外形设计外，飞行器表面采用长波雷达吸波材料成为其隐身能力的关键措施之一。本文重点讨论了低频吸波机制，总结了传统吸波材料在低频下的应用，包括铁氧体、复合物、磁性金属微粉，分析了影响低频吸波性能的各种因素。最后讨论当前吸波材料的发展情况，并对未来低频吸波材料的发展方向进行了展望。
- 低频吸波 /
- 吸波材料 /
- 吸波机制 /
- 雷达隐身 /
- 研究进展
Abstract: With the large-scale application of meter-wave and decimeter-wave low-frequency radars in the military field, aircraft, especially long-range strategic bombers, are facing increasing air threats. In order to improve their survive capabilities, low-frequency radars are used to absorb microwave except the external design. To overcome this difficult point, long-wave microwave absorption materials are one of the key measures for its stealth effectiveness. This article discusses the low-frequency absorbing mechanism, summarizes the applications of traditional absorbing materials at low frequencies, including ferrites, composites, magnetic metal powders, then analyzes various factors that affect low-frequency absorbing performance. Finally, the current development of absorbing materials is explored, and the future development direction of low-frequency absorbent is prospected.
- low frequency absorbing /
- absorbent /
- absorbing mechanism /
- radar stealth /
- research progress

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图 1 传输反射法 (a)、弓形法 (b)

Figure 1. Transmission and reflection method (a), NRL-arc method (b)

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图 2 (a)溶胶凝胶-高温合成Ni-Zn铁氧体示意图^[36]；(b) Ni_0.4Zn_0.2Mn_0.4Fe₂O₄在不同烧结温度下的磁滞回线；(c) 不同烧结温度下的Ni_0.4Zn_0.2Mn_0.4Fe₂O₄反射损耗图；(d) 3种不同条件下得到样品的磁滞回线，左上为初始样品和在H₂600℃退火后得到样品的SEM图像^[37]

Figure 2. (a) Schematic diagram of NiZn ferrites prepared by sol-gel and high temperature process ^[36]; (b) Hysteresis loops of Ni_0.4Zn_0.2Mn_0.4Fe₂O₄ sintered at different temperatures; (c) Reflection loss of Ni_0.4Zn_0.2Mn_0.4Fe₂O₄ sintered at different temperatures; (d) Hysteresis loops of the samples obtained under different conditions, upper left is the SEM image of the initial samples and the samples annealed at 600℃ in H₂^[37]

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图 3 (a) CFG制备过程图^[42]；(b) 不同厚度下的CFG-50反射损耗；(c) ZCFO/MNFO@C-MWCNTs SEM图像^[43]；(d) 不同厚度的(ZCFO/MNFO)@CMWCNTs反射损耗；(e) 制备聚苯胺/Ba₂Ni₂Fe₁₂O₂₂复合物示意图^[44]；(f) 不同复合比例所得样品的SEM图像

Figure 3. (a) Process diagram of CFG preparation process ^[42]; (b) Reflection loss of CFG-50 with different thickness; (c) SEM images of ZCFO/MNFO@C-MWCNTs^[43]; (d) Reflection loss of (ZCFO/MNFO)@CMWCNTs with different thickness; (e) Preparation process of polyaniline/Ba₂Ni₂Fe₁₂O₂₂ composite^[44]; (f) SEM images of Ba₂Ni₂Fe₁₂O₂₂ composite

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图 4 (a) MnFe₂O₄@C复合物制备过程示意图^[47]；(b) (I) S1、(II) S2、(III) S3、(IV) S4、(V) S5、(VI) S6样品SEM图；(c) (I) 2 mm的S1、S2、S3和S4反射损耗，(II) 2 mm的S1、S5、S3和S6反射损耗，(III) 不同厚度S3样品的反射损耗，(IV) 不同厚度S6样品的反射损耗；(d) MnFe₂O₄@C复合物电磁波吸波机制示意图

Figure 4. (a) Schematic diagram of the preparation process of MnFe₂O₄@C^[47]; (b) SEM images of (I) S1, (II) S2, (III) S3, (IV) S4, (V) S5, (VI) S6; (c) (I) Reflection loss of S1, S2, S3, S4 under 2 mm, (II) Reflection Loss of S1, S5, S3, S6 under 2 mm, (III) Reflection loss of S3 with different thickness, (IV) Reflection loss of S6 with different thickness; (d) Electromagnetic absorption mechanisms of MnFe₂O₄@C composites

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图 5 (a) 球状羰基铁SEM图像^[49]；(b) 片状羰基铁SEM图像；(c) 球状和片状羰基铁复介电常数；(d) 球状和片状羰基铁复磁导率常数

Figure 5. (a) SEM image of spherical carbonyl iron^[49]; (b) SEM image of flake carbonyl iron; (c) Complex permittivity of spherical and flaky carbonyl iron; (d) Complex permeability constants of spherical and flaky carbonyl iron

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图 6 (a) 原始羰基铁SEM图像^[52]；(b) 取向后的羰基铁SEM图像；(c) 原始羰基铁的磁滞回线；(d) 取向后的羰基铁的磁滞回线；(e)不同厚度下原始羰基铁的反射损耗曲线；(f) 不同厚度下取向后的羰基铁反射损耗；(g) 羰基铁粉(CIP)和CIP/ZnO的热重曲线^[53]；(h) SiO₂ 包覆层对导电通路的阻碍机制^[54]

Figure 6. (a) SEM images of original carbonyl iron particles ^[52]; (b) SEM image of carbonyl iron particles after orientation; (c) Hysteresis loops of original carbonyl iron particles; (d) Hysteresis loops of aligned carbonyl iron particles; (e) Reflection loss of original carbonyl iron particles with different thickness; (f) Reflection loss of carbonyl iron particles after orientation at different thickness; (g) TG cuvres of carbonyl-iron powders (CIP), CIP/ZnO ^[53]; (h) Barrier mechanism of SiO₂ coating on conductive path^[54]

PACI—Unoriented particle; OPACI—Magnetic particles; 1 Oe—79.57 A/m; H_C—Coercive force; M_S—Saturation magnetization

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图 7 FeSiAl样品A (a)、样品B (b)、样品C (c)的SEM图像^[62]；(d) 样品A、B、C复介电常数实部；(e) A、B、C样品介电常数实部；(f) 样品A、B、C复磁导率实部；(g) 样品A、B、C复磁导率虚部；(h) 不同厚度的样品A反射损耗；(i) 不同厚度的样品B反射损耗；(j) 不同厚度的样品C反射损耗；(k) 无Fe₃O₄包覆与Fe₃O₄包覆样品的反射损耗^[63]；(l) 无Fe₃O₄包覆与Fe₃O₄包覆样品$ {z}_{{\rm{in}}} $/$ {z}_{0} $系数

Figure 7. SEM images of sample A (a), sample B (b), sample C (c)^[62]; (d) Real part of complex permittivity of sample A, B, C; (e) Real part of dielectric constant sample of A, B, C samples; (f) Real part of complex permeability of sample A, B, C; (g) Imaginary part of complex permeability of sample A, B, C; (h) Reflection loss of sample a with different thickness; (i) Reflection loss of sample B with different thickness; (j) Reflection loss of sample C with different thickness; (k) Reflection loss of samples without Fe₃O₄ coating and Fe₃O₄ coating^[63]; (l) $ {z}_{{\rm{in}}} $/$ {z}_{0} $ coefficient of without Fe₃O₄ coating and Fe₃O₄ coating

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图 8 (a) FeSiAl与FeSiAlNi的磁滞回线^[64]；(b) 2 mm样品Pr_xHo_2-xFe₁₇反射损耗^[65]；(c) 2 mm 样品Pr_0.3Ho_1.7Fe₁₇/Co(Co质量比=0、5、10、15、20%)反射损耗；(d) 不同厚度的Pr_0.3Ho_1.7Fe₁₇/Co(10%)反射损耗；(e) 不同球磨时间FeNi合金复介电常数实部^[68]；(f) 不同球磨时间FeNi合金复介电常数虚部；(g) 不同球磨时间FeNi合金复磁导率实部；(h)不同球磨时间FeNi合金复磁导率虚部；((i)~(l)) 0 h、4 h、8 h和12 h球磨时间的Fe₈₄Co₄B₁₁Nd的SEM图像^[69]

Figure 8. (a) Hysteresis loops of FeSiAl and FeSiAlNi^[64]; (b) Reflection loss of Pr_xHo_2-xFe₁₇ with 2 mm^[65]; (c) Reflection loss of Pr_0.3Ho_1.7Fe₁₇/Co (Co =0, 5, 10, 15, 20%) with 2 mm; (d) Reflection loss of Pr_0.3Ho_1.7Fe₁₇/Co(10%) with different thickness; (e) Real part of complex permittivity of FeNi Alloy with different milling time^[68]; (f) Imaginary part of complex permittivity of FeNi alloy with different milling time; (g) Real part of complex permeability of FeNi Alloy with different milling time; (h) Imaginary part of complex permeability of FeNi alloy with different milling time; ((i)-(l)) SEM images of Fe₈₄Co₄B₁₁Nd with 0 h, 4 h, 8 h and 12 h milling time ^[69]

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表 1 典型铁氧体低频吸波性能

Table 1. Microwave absorbing properties of typical ferrite

Material	Absorption peak/GHz	Maximum reflection loss/dB	Effective bandwidth/GHz	Thickness/mm	Ref.
Ni_0.5Zn_0.5Nd_0.04Fe_1.96O₄	4.3	−21.8	3	8.5	[34]
Ni_0.4Zn_0.2Mn_0.4Fe₂O₄	0.3	−49	—	—	[36]
Mn-Zn	3.9	−15	1.1	5.5	[37]
Li-Zn	3.4	−49	1.3	5	[38]

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表 2 典型铁氧体复合材料低频吸波性能

Table 2. Low frequency microwave absorbing properties of typical ferrite composites

Material	Absorption peak/ GHz	Maximum reflection loss/dB	Effective bandwidth/GHz	Thickness/ mm	Ref.
ZnFe₂O₄@C/MWCNTs	0.81	−40.65	0.97	2.5	[40]
CoFe₂O₄/FeCo/graphene	3.1	−30	1	5.5	[42]
(Zn_0.5Co_0.5Fe₂O₄/ Mn_0.5Ni_0.5Fe₂O₄)@C/MWCNTs	0.56	−35.14	0.75	5	[43]
Ba₃Co₂Fe₂₄O₂₁@SiO₂	3.8	−9	—	3	[46]
MnFe₂O₄@C	0.78	−48.92	1.4	2.5	[47]

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表 3 典型金属微粉低频吸波性能

Table 3. Low frequency microwave absorbing properties of typical metal powders

Material	Treatment method	Absorption peak/GHz	Maximum reflection loss/dB	Effective bandwidth/GHz	Thickness/mm	Ref.
Carbonyl iron	Orientation	1.9	−40	1.1	2.9	[52]
FeSiAl	Flat design	2.25	−19	0.93	3	[59]
FeSiAl	Annealing	1.13	−22.64	0.8	5	[60]
FeSiAl	Ball milling, oxidation	1.4	−39.67	0.8	4	[62]
FeSiAl @Fe₃O₄	Cladding	3.4	−43	4	2	[63]
FeSiAlNi	Doping	1.7	−11.9	0.5	2.5	[64]
Ho_0.6Ce_1.4Co₁₇	Doping	3.6	−12.74	0.48	3.5	[66]
Nd_0.3Ce_1.7Co₁₇	Doping	4.16	−13.85	0.64	3	[67]
FeNi	Ball milling	4.2	−21	2.5	—	[68]
Fe₈₄Co₄B₁₁Nd	Quenching, ball milling	3.9	−9.8	—	1.5	[69]

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