Research progress of low-frequency radar absorbents
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摘要: 随着米波、分米波低频雷达在军事领域的大规模应用,飞行器特别是远程战略轰炸机受到的空中威胁愈来愈大,为提高其生存能力,除对飞行器进行外形设计外,飞行器表面采用长波雷达吸波材料成为其隐身能力的关键措施之一。本文重点讨论了低频吸波机制,总结了传统吸波材料在低频下的应用,包括铁氧体、复合物、磁性金属微粉,分析了影响低频吸波性能的各种因素。最后讨论当前吸波材料的发展情况,并对未来低频吸波材料的发展方向进行了展望。Abstract: With the large-scale application of meter-wave and decimeter-wave low-frequency radars in the military field, aircraft, especially long-range strategic bombers, are facing increasing air threats. In order to improve their survive capabilities, low-frequency radars are used to absorb microwave except the external design. To overcome this difficult point, long-wave microwave absorption materials are one of the key measures for its stealth effectiveness. This article discusses the low-frequency absorbing mechanism, summarizes the applications of traditional absorbing materials at low frequencies, including ferrites, composites, magnetic metal powders, then analyzes various factors that affect low-frequency absorbing performance. Finally, the current development of absorbing materials is explored, and the future development direction of low-frequency absorbent is prospected.
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Key words:
- low frequency absorbing /
- absorbent /
- absorbing mechanism /
- radar stealth /
- research progress
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图 2 (a)溶胶凝胶-高温合成Ni-Zn铁氧体示意图[36];(b) Ni0.4Zn0.2Mn0.4Fe2O4在不同烧结温度下的磁滞回线;(c) 不同烧结温度下的Ni0.4Zn0.2Mn0.4Fe2O4反射损耗图;(d) 3种不同条件下得到样品的磁滞回线,左上为初始样品和在H2 600℃退火后得到样品的SEM图像[37]
Figure 2. (a) Schematic diagram of NiZn ferrites prepared by sol-gel and high temperature process [36]; (b) Hysteresis loops of Ni0.4Zn0.2Mn0.4Fe2O4 sintered at different temperatures; (c) Reflection loss of Ni0.4Zn0.2Mn0.4Fe2O4 sintered at different temperatures; (d) Hysteresis loops of the samples obtained under different conditions, upper left is the SEM image of the initial samples and the samples annealed at 600℃ in H2[37]
图 3 (a) CFG制备过程图[42];(b) 不同厚度下的CFG-50反射损耗;(c) ZCFO/MNFO@C-MWCNTs SEM图像[43];(d) 不同厚度的(ZCFO/MNFO)@CMWCNTs反射损耗;(e) 制备聚苯胺/Ba2Ni2Fe12O22复合物示意图[44];(f) 不同复合比例所得样品的SEM图像
Figure 3. (a) Process diagram of CFG preparation process [42]; (b) Reflection loss of CFG-50 with different thickness; (c) SEM images of ZCFO/MNFO@C-MWCNTs[43]; (d) Reflection loss of (ZCFO/MNFO)@CMWCNTs with different thickness; (e) Preparation process of polyaniline/Ba2Ni2Fe12O22 composite[44]; (f) SEM images of Ba2Ni2Fe12O22 composite
图 4 (a) MnFe2O4@C复合物制备过程示意图[47];(b) (I) S1、(II) S2、(III) S3、(IV) S4、(V) S5、(VI) S6样品SEM图;(c) (I) 2 mm的S1、S2、S3和S4反射损耗,(II) 2 mm的S1、S5、S3和S6反射损耗,(III) 不同厚度S3样品的反射损耗,(IV) 不同厚度S6样品的反射损耗;(d) MnFe2O4@C复合物电磁波吸波机制示意图
Figure 4. (a) Schematic diagram of the preparation process of MnFe2O4@C[47]; (b) SEM images of (I) S1, (II) S2, (III) S3, (IV) S4, (V) S5, (VI) S6; (c) (I) Reflection loss of S1, S2, S3, S4 under 2 mm, (II) Reflection Loss of S1, S5, S3, S6 under 2 mm, (III) Reflection loss of S3 with different thickness, (IV) Reflection loss of S6 with different thickness; (d) Electromagnetic absorption mechanisms of MnFe2O4@C composites
图 5 (a) 球状羰基铁SEM图像[49];(b) 片状羰基铁SEM图像;(c) 球状和片状羰基铁复介电常数;(d) 球状和片状羰基铁复磁导率常数
Figure 5. (a) SEM image of spherical carbonyl iron[49]; (b) SEM image of flake carbonyl iron; (c) Complex permittivity of spherical and flaky carbonyl iron; (d) Complex permeability constants of spherical and flaky carbonyl iron
图 6 (a) 原始羰基铁SEM图像[52];(b) 取向后的羰基铁SEM图像;(c) 原始羰基铁的磁滞回线;(d) 取向后的羰基铁的磁滞回线;(e)不同厚度下原始羰基铁的反射损耗曲线;(f) 不同厚度下取向后的羰基铁反射损耗;(g) 羰基铁粉(CIP)和CIP/ZnO的热重曲线[53];(h) SiO2 包覆层对导电通路的阻碍机制[54]
Figure 6. (a) SEM images of original carbonyl iron particles [52]; (b) SEM image of carbonyl iron particles after orientation; (c) Hysteresis loops of original carbonyl iron particles; (d) Hysteresis loops of aligned carbonyl iron particles; (e) Reflection loss of original carbonyl iron particles with different thickness; (f) Reflection loss of carbonyl iron particles after orientation at different thickness; (g) TG cuvres of carbonyl-iron powders (CIP), CIP/ZnO [53]; (h) Barrier mechanism of SiO2 coating on conductive path[54]
PACI—Unoriented particle; OPACI—Magnetic particles; 1 Oe—79.57 A/m; HC—Coercive force; MS—Saturation magnetization
图 7 FeSiAl样品A (a)、样品B (b)、样品C (c)的SEM图像[62];(d) 样品A、B、C复介电常数实部;(e) A、B、C样品介电常数实部;(f) 样品A、B、C复磁导率实部;(g) 样品A、B、C复磁导率虚部;(h) 不同厚度的样品A反射损耗;(i) 不同厚度的样品B反射损耗;(j) 不同厚度的样品C反射损耗;(k) 无Fe3O4包覆与Fe3O4包覆样品的反射损耗[63];(l) 无Fe3O4包覆与Fe3O4包覆样品
$ {z}_{{\rm{in}}} $ /$ {z}_{0} $ 系数Figure 7. SEM images of sample A (a), sample B (b), sample C (c)[62]; (d) Real part of complex permittivity of sample A, B, C; (e) Real part of dielectric constant sample of A, B, C samples; (f) Real part of complex permeability of sample A, B, C; (g) Imaginary part of complex permeability of sample A, B, C; (h) Reflection loss of sample a with different thickness; (i) Reflection loss of sample B with different thickness; (j) Reflection loss of sample C with different thickness; (k) Reflection loss of samples without Fe3O4 coating and Fe3O4 coating[63]; (l)
$ {z}_{{\rm{in}}} $ /$ {z}_{0} $ coefficient of without Fe3O4 coating and Fe3O4 coating图 8 (a) FeSiAl与FeSiAlNi的磁滞回线[64];(b) 2 mm样品PrxHo2-xFe17反射损耗[65];(c) 2 mm 样品Pr0.3Ho1.7Fe17/Co(Co质量比=0、5、10、15、20%)反射损耗;(d) 不同厚度的Pr0.3Ho1.7Fe17/Co(10%)反射损耗;(e) 不同球磨时间FeNi合金复介电常数实部[68];(f) 不同球磨时间FeNi合金复介电常数虚部;(g) 不同球磨时间FeNi合金复磁导率实部;(h)不同球磨时间FeNi合金复磁导率虚部;((i)~(l)) 0 h、4 h、8 h和12 h球磨时间的Fe84Co4B11Nd的SEM图像[69]
Figure 8. (a) Hysteresis loops of FeSiAl and FeSiAlNi[64]; (b) Reflection loss of PrxHo2-xFe17 with 2 mm[65]; (c) Reflection loss of Pr0.3Ho1.7Fe17/Co (Co =0, 5, 10, 15, 20%) with 2 mm; (d) Reflection loss of Pr0.3Ho1.7Fe17/Co(10%) with different thickness; (e) Real part of complex permittivity of FeNi Alloy with different milling time[68]; (f) Imaginary part of complex permittivity of FeNi alloy with different milling time; (g) Real part of complex permeability of FeNi Alloy with different milling time; (h) Imaginary part of complex permeability of FeNi alloy with different milling time; ((i)-(l)) SEM images of Fe84Co4B11Nd with 0 h, 4 h, 8 h and 12 h milling time [69]
表 1 典型铁氧体低频吸波性能
Table 1. Microwave absorbing properties of typical ferrite
表 2 典型铁氧体复合材料低频吸波性能
Table 2. Low frequency microwave absorbing properties of typical ferrite composites
Material Absorption peak/
GHzMaximum reflection
loss/dBEffective
bandwidth/GHzThickness/
mmRef. ZnFe2O4@C/MWCNTs 0.81 −40.65 0.97 2.5 [40] CoFe2O4/FeCo/graphene 3.1 −30 1 5.5 [42] (Zn0.5Co0.5Fe2O4/
Mn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4)@C/MWCNTs0.56 −35.14 0.75 5 [43] Ba3Co2Fe24O21@SiO2 3.8 −9 — 3 [46] MnFe2O4@C 0.78 −48.92 1.4 2.5 [47] 表 3 典型金属微粉低频吸波性能
Table 3. Low frequency microwave absorbing properties of typical metal powders
Material Treatment method Absorption peak/GHz Maximum reflection loss/dB Effective bandwidth/GHz Thickness/mm Ref. Carbonyl iron Orientation 1.9 −40 1.1 2.9 [52] FeSiAl Flat design 2.25 −19 0.93 3 [59] FeSiAl Annealing 1.13 −22.64 0.8 5 [60] FeSiAl Ball milling, oxidation 1.4 −39.67 0.8 4 [62] FeSiAl @Fe3O4 Cladding 3.4 −43 4 2 [63] FeSiAlNi Doping 1.7 −11.9 0.5 2.5 [64] Ho0.6Ce1.4Co17 Doping 3.6 −12.74 0.48 3.5 [66] Nd0.3Ce1.7Co17 Doping 4.16 −13.85 0.64 3 [67] FeNi Ball milling 4.2 −21 2.5 — [68] Fe84Co4B11Nd Quenching, ball milling 3.9 −9.8 — 1.5 [69] -
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