Protective performance of PASGT combat helmet under pistol bullet impact
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摘要: 新型防弹头盔虽然能有效减少手枪弹穿透性损伤，但头盔内表面变形(Back face deformation，BFD)仍有可能对人体头部造成损伤。为准确模拟防弹头盔受到子弹冲击时的瞬态力学响应，基于Abaqus的用户材料子程序VUMAT编写了适用于模拟复合材料防弹头盔力学性能的渐进损伤本构模型，建立了9 mm铅芯手枪弹以343 m/s侵彻PASGT芳纶防弹头盔的有限元模型，从头盔BFD曲线和内表面鼓包形态两方面验证了数值模拟的准确性。防弹头盔失效模式表明，头盔主要发生纤维拉伸、基体压缩和分层失效；子弹侵彻防弹头盔的过程中，头盔上的应力云图在初期呈现较为规则的菱形，然后再慢慢向四周扩散演化为圆形；子弹以三种不同入射角(30°、45°、60°)冲击头盔顶部时均出现了跳弹，反跳后的速度分别为72.9 m/s、165.5 m/s和240.1 m/s。最后采用钝性准则对头盔内表面变形可能造成的颅骨骨折概率进行了估算。Abstract: Although the new combat helmet can effectively reduce the pistol bullet penetrating damage, the back face deformation (BFD) of helmet may cause head injury. In order to accurately simulate the transient mechanical response of combat helmet under bullet impact, a progressive damage constitutive model for simulating the mechanical properties of composite combat helmet was developed based on the user material subroutine VUMAT of Abaqus. The finite element model of 9 mm lead core pistol bullet penetrating PASGT aramid combat helmet with impacting velocity 343 m/s was established. The accuracy of the numerical simulation was verified by the helmet BFD curve and the bulge shape of the inner surface. The failure mode of combat helmet shows that the helmet mainly occurs fiber tension, matrix compression and delamination failure. During the penetrating process, the stress contours on the helmet presents a regular diamond shape at the initial stage, and then slowly diffuses around and evolves into a circle. At three different angles of incidence (30°, 45°, 60°), the velocity of rebound is 72.9 m/s, 165.5 m/s and 240.1 m/s, respectively. Finally, the probability of skull fracture caused by the BFD of the helmet was estimated using the blunt criterion.
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Key words:
- combat helmet /
- bullet /
- finite element model /
- penetration /
- back face deformation (BFD)
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图 1 美军地面部队单兵防护系统(PASGT)防弹头盔
Figure 1. Personnel armor system for ground troops combat helmet
图 4 Cohesive单元双线性本构模型
Figure 4. Bilinear constitutive model of cohesive element
A—Damage strength; δm0—Equivalent displacement at the beginning of damage; δmf(B)—Equivalent displacement corresponding to complete damage; GC—Equivalent fracture toughness
图 5 头盔内部钝击效应的3D-DIC试验的试验示意图
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of 3D-DIC test for blunt impact effect inside helmet
图 6 PASGT防弹头盔内表面变形(BFD)试验和仿真结果对比
Figure 6. Comparison of the experimental and the computed observed back face deformation (BFD) curves for PASGT combat helmet
图 7 PASGT防弹头盔鼓包轮廓试验和仿真结果对比
Figure 7. Comparison of the experimental and the computed observed bulge shape for PASGT combat helmet
L—Data analysis line of bulge deformation with time; W—Drum contour height
图 8 PASGT防弹头盔试验和仿真轮廓曲线对比
Figure 8. Comparison of the experimental and the computed observed BFD slices for PASGT combat helmet
图 9 试验(a)和仿真(b)中PASGT头盔外表面破损情况对比
Figure 9. Comparison of outer surface damage of PASGT helmet in experiment (a) and simulation (b)
图 10 PASGT头盔损伤状态变化过程
Figure 10. Change process of damage state of PASGT helmet
SDV—State damage variable
图 11 PASGT头盔外表面层不同时刻等效应力分布
Figure 11. Equivalent stress distribution of PASGT helmet outer surface at different time
S—Stress
图 13 PASGT头盔内表面层不同时刻等效应力分布
Figure 13. Equivalent stress distribution of PASGT helmet inner surface at different time
图 12 PASGT头盔中间层不同时刻等效应力分布
Figure 12. Equivalent stress distribution of PASGT helmet middle layer at different time
图 14 不同入射角下PASGT防弹头盔BFD曲线
Figure 14. BFD curves of PASGT helmet at different penetration angles
图 15 不同入射角下PASGT防弹头盔最大背部鼓包轮廓
Figure 15. Maximum bulge contour of PASGT helmet at different penetration angles
U—Drum contour height
图 16 基于钝性准则(BC)的颅骨骨折概率函数
Figure 16. Injury risk function for the prediction of skull fracture based on blunt criterion (BC)
ρ/
(g·cm−3)E1/
GPaE2/
GPaE3/
GPa${v_{12}}$ ${v_{13}}$ ${v_{23}}$ G12/
MPaG13/
MPaG23/
MPaXt/
MPaXc/
MPaYt/
MPaYc/
MPaZt/
MPaZc/
MPaS12/
MPaS13/
MPaS23/
MPa1.23 22 22 9 0.25 0.33 0.33 770 2715 2715 800 80 800 80 1200 1200 77 898 898 Notes：ρ—Density; ${E_1}$, ${E_2}$, ${E_3}$—The elastic modulus in X, Y, and Z directions; ${v_{12}}$, ${v_{13}}$, ${v_{23}}$—Poisson's ratios; ${G_{12}}$, ${G_{23}}$, ${G_{13}}$—Shear modulus; Xc, Xt, Yc, Yt, Zc, Zt—Compressive and tensile strength in X, Y, Z directions; S12, S23, S13—Shear strength. 
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ρ/(g·cm−3) ${K_{{\rm{nn}}}}$/MPa ${K_{{\rm{ss}}}}$/MPa ${K_{{\rm{tt}}}}$/MPa $t_{\rm{n}}^0$/MPa $t_{\rm{s}}^0$/MPa $t_{\rm{t}}^0$/MPa $G_{\rm{n}}^{\rm{C}}$/(J·mm−2) $G_{\rm{s}}^{\rm{C}}$/(J·mm−2) $G_{\rm{t}}^{\rm{C}}$/(J·mm−2) 2 4830 4830 4830 34.5 9 9 0.24 0.47 0.47 Notes: ρ—Density; ${K_{{\rm{nn}}}}$, ${K_{{\rm{ss}}}}$, ${K_{{\rm{tt}}}}$—Elastic modulus; $t_{\rm{n}}^0$, $t_{\rm{s}}^0$, $t_{\rm{t}}^0$—Normal and tangential strength; $G_{\rm{n}}^{\rm{C}}$, $G_{\rm{s}}^{\rm{C}}$, $G_{\rm{t}}^{\rm{C}}$—Critical energy release rates in mode I, mode II and mode III.
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ρ/(g·cm−3) G/GPa A/MPa B/MPa N C M Tm Tr D1 D2-D5 Lead core 11.34 7 14 18 0.685 0.035 1.68 600 294.0 1.0 0 Copper jacket 8.45 46 90 292 0.01 0.025 1.09 1356 300.15 0.8 0 Notes：G—Shear modulus; A—Initial yield stress; B—Hardening constant; N—Hardening exponent; C—Strain rate constant; M—Thermal softening exponent; Tm—Melting temperature; Tr—Room temperature; D1-D5—Damage constants.
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表 4 PASGT防弹头盔钝击评估结果
Table 4. Blunt impact assessment results of PASGT helmet
Angle of
incidence/(°)VBC Probability of
fracture/%0 1.27 23.4 30 0.93 8.2 45 0.49 2.0 60 –0.93 0 Notes: VBC—Blunt criterion parameter used to predict injury risk.
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