超疏水材料在防/除冰技术中的应用研究进展

李君; 矫维成; 王寅春; 殷宇昕; 楚振明; 赫晓东

doi:10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20210819.007

超疏水材料在防/除冰技术中的应用研究进展

doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20210819.007

李君^1,,
矫维成^{1, 2, ,},
王寅春^1,,
殷宇昕¹,
楚振明¹,
赫晓东^{1, 2}

1.
哈尔滨工业大学　特种环境复合材料技术国家级重点实验室，哈尔滨 150001
2.
深圳烯创先进材料研究院有限公司，深圳 518000

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(51872065)；国家重点研发计划课题(2018YFA0702802)；深圳市科技计划(KQTD2016112814303055)

详细信息

通讯作者:
矫维成，博士，教授，博士生导师，研究方向为树脂基复合材料、防/除冰材料　E-mail：xiaojiao458@163.com

中图分类号: TB331；TB332
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-05-24
- 修回日期: 2021-07-25
- 录用日期: 2021-08-07
- 网络出版日期: 2021-08-20
- 刊出日期: 2022-01-15

Research progress on application of superhydrophobic materials in anti-icing and de-icing technology

LI Jun^1
,,
JIAO Weicheng^{1, 2
, ,},
WANG Yinchun^1
,,
YIN Yuxin¹,
CHU Zhenming¹,
HE Xiaodong^{1, 2}

1.
National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
2.
Shenzhen STRONG Advanced Materials Research Institute CO., LTD, Shenzhen 518000, China

摘要

摘要: 结冰结霜给人们的生活带来诸多不便，大量结冰积冰会影响飞机的飞行安全、推迟火箭发射任务、引起电力网络故障、造成交通运输障碍，甚至引发重大的经济问题和人身安全问题。传统的防/除冰技术耗能大、效率低、易对环境造成污染。超疏水技术利用材料的本征属性，延缓结冰，显著降低冰与基底表面的黏附力，是极具发展前景的防/除冰技术。本文首先对固体表面润湿现象及结冰机制进行了介绍，指出超疏水防/除冰材料面临着低温高湿环境下憎水性丧失，耐久性较差，面向工程的大面积制备方法制约等问题。随后，对低温高湿环境用超疏水防/除冰材料、耐久性、制备方法、多功能复合超疏水防/除冰材料等方面的研究进展进行了综述和分析。最后，对超疏水防/除冰材料在实际工程中的应用进行归纳和总结。在此基础上，展望了超疏水防/除冰材料的研究前景和发展趋势。
- 超疏水 /
- 防/除冰 /
- 电热 /
- 光热 /
- 工程应用 /
- 研究进展
Abstract: Icing and frosting bring many disadvantages to people's life. Ice accumulation will affect the flight safety of aircraft, delay the rocket launch mission, deform transmission lines and power networks, cause transportation obstacles, and even produce major economic problems and personal safety problems. Conventional anti-icing and de-icing methods are often costly, inefficient, or environmentally harmful. Superhydrophobic technology, which uses the intrinsic properties of materials to delay icing and significantly reduces the ice adhesion between ice and substrate, is a promising anti-icing and deicing technology. In this paper, firstly, the wetting phenomenon of solid surface and ice nucleation mechanism are introduced. It should be indicated that superhydrophobic surfaces face many problems such as the its wettability can be changed with decreasing the temperature and increasing the relative humidity, poor stability and mechanical robustness, and lack of facile and large-scale fabrication methods. Secondly, the research progress of superhydrophobic anti-icing and de-icing materials, stable and mechanically robust superhydrophobic surfaces, fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces and multifunctional anti-icing and de-icing superhydrophobic materials are reviewed and analyzed. Finally, many applications of anti-icing and de-icing superhydrophobic materials in practical engineering are concluded and summarized. On this basis, the development trends and prospects of anti-icing and de-icing superhydrophobic materials are discussed.
- superhydrophobic /
- anti-icing and de-icing /
- electrothermal /
- photothermal /
- engineering application /
- research progress

HTML全文

图 1 低温高湿环境下超疏水表面形成冷凝液滴^[12]

Figure 1. Condensation of water vapor on a superhydrophobic surface at low temperature and high humidity^[12]

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图 2 高过饱和度下冷凝水滴在纳米结构 (a) 和微纳米孔结构 (b) 超疏水表面的形成示意图^[15]

Figure 2. Schematic illustration of condensation on the nanostructured superhydrophobic surface (a) and superhydrophobic surface (b) with a micropore array at a high supersaturation^[15]

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图 3 刻蚀后的铝基底((a), (b))、苯基三乙氧基硅烷(PTES)修饰 ((c), (d))、十六酸(PA)修饰 ((e), (f)) 及聚二甲基硅氧烷(TTPS)修饰 ((g), (h)) 的改性基底表面形貌和三维表面轮廓^[17]

Figure 3. SEM images and three-dimensional surface profiles of theetched sample Al ((a), (b)), and the phenyltriethoxysilane (PTES) ((c), (d)), palmitic acid (PA) ((e), (f)), as well as polydimethylsiloxane (TTPS) ((g), (h)) modified samples^[17]

R_a—Surface roughness of the sample

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图 4 ((a)~(c)) 三元微纳分级结构制备过程示意图；((d)~(d2)) 表面形貌^[18]

Figure 4. ((a)-(c)) Schematic of the fabrication steps and the morphology of the triple-scale micro/nanostructured superhydrophobic surfaces; ((d)-(d2)) Typical morphologies of the triple-scale micro/nanostructures^[18]

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图 5 (a)自相似方式失效示意图；(b)磨损前后超疏水表面的SEM图像^[22-23]

Figure 5. (a) Schematic of fail in a self-similar manner; (b) SEM images of superhydrophobic surfaces before and after abrasion^[22-23]

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图 6 SiO₂疏水防冰涂层制备机制示意图及其耐久性^[37]

Figure 6. Schematic of the surface feature formation mechanisms of SiO₂ anti-icing coating and durability^[37]

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图 7 部分耐久性测试示意图((a) 紫外线辐射；(b)泰伯尔磨损测试；(c)胶带粘结测试；(d)砂砾冲击测试；(e)喷水/滴水测试；(f)砂纸磨损测试^{[20, 28, 33-34]})

Figure 7. Schematic of parts of quantify the durability((a) UV irradiation; (b) Taber abrasion test; (c) Tape adhesion test; (d) Sand impact test; (e) Water jet/dripping test; (f) Sandpaper abrasion test^{[20, 28, 33-34]})

H₁—Height of impacting sand; a_t—Inclination angle of the sample; H₂—Height of jetting water; d—Diameter of jetting water

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图 8 模板法制备超疏水表面^[45]

Figure 8. Preparation of superhydrophobic surface by template method^[45]

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图 9 等离子刻蚀制备示意图^[49]

Figure 9. Plasma etching process of silicon micro-cubic structures^[49]

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图 10 喷涂法制备超疏水涂层示意图^[50]

Figure 10. Schematic of fabrication of superhydrophobic coating by spray^[50]

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图 11 15 V加载电压下超疏水电热薄膜的除霜过程 (a) 和除冰过程 (b)^[54]

Figure 11. Defrosting process (a) and deicing process (b) of the superhydrophobic electrothermal film after applying a DC voltage of 15 V^[54]

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图 12 SiC/CNTs超疏水光热涂层除冰示意图^[57]

Figure 12. Schematic of photothermal deicing of SiC/CNTs coating^[57]

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图 13 超疏水复合电加热涂层 (a)、超疏水层表面 (b) 和电加热层 (c) 的SEM图像^[62]

Figure 13. SEM images of superhydrophobic electrothermal coating section (a), superhydrophobic electrothermal coating surface (b) and electrothermal coating surface (c)^[62]

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图 14 (a) 超疏水电加热涂层红外热成像；(b1) 除冰实验结果：(b2) 无加热层、(b3) 有加热层^[62]

Figure 14. (a) Thermal infrared image of the blade coated with superhydrophobic electrothermal coating; (b1) Digital images after anti-icing test in low icing conditions of the overall rotating blades : (b2) No heating coating, (b3) Blade with superhydrophobic electrothermal coating^[62]

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图 15 绝缘子户外防冰实验^[64]

Figure 15. Anti-icing effects of as prepared electrical insulator in outdoor^[64]

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图 16 河南电力公司试验站的绝缘子户外防冰结果^[64]

Figure 16. Anti-icing effects of as-prepared electrical insulator in Experimental Station of Henan Power Company^[64]

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图 17 风洞实验后，铝基底表面(左图)和超疏水表面(右图)的积冰效果^[65]

Figure 17. After the wind tunnel experiments,ice accretion on an Al (left) and superhydrophobic surface (right)^[65]

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表 1 耐久性测试方法总结

Table 1. A summary of common durability characterization techniques

Technique	Adopted operation condition	Standard	Reference
UV irradiation	Wavelength: Typically 320 nm to 400 nm in the UVA range (e.g., 365 nm, 340 nm and 325 nm), but 254 nm (UVC) also used Intensity: Several mW·cm⁻² to 100 mW·cm⁻² Irradiation time: Several hours	ASTM D4329^[39]	[19,22,24,29-30]
Plasma	Plasma ype: O₂ plasma Time: Several seconds (e.g, 5 s, 15 s)	—	[20-21]
Tape adhesion test	Tapes: Scotch 810 Magic Tape, Scotch 600 tape,VHB 4910 tape Applied pressure: typical pressure 10 kPa (up to 130 kPa)	ASTM D3359^[40]	[20,23-24,28,31]
Taber abrasion test	Using a Taber abrasion machine Applied loads: 150 g, 200 g, 250 g Speed: Typically 60 r/min	ASTM D4060^[41]	[29,34]
Sandpaper abrasion test	Sandpaper grade: Typically from 80 to 800 grit Applied pressure: Typically 15 kPa or less (up to 20 kPa)	—	[20,22,26-28,30-34]
Sand impacting	Sand particle size: Typically 100 to 300 μm Height: Typically 25 to 40 cm (up to 110 cm) Amount: Typically 10 g to 100 g Sample angle: 45 °	—	[24,28,37]
Water jet/dripping test	Droplet size: 22 μL or 100 μL per drop Height: 30 cm to 50 cm	—	[24,34,37]
Knife scratching test	Scratching by hand with a knife	—	[20,23,25-26]
Solution immersion test	Aqueous solutions: Pure water, 3.5wt% or 5wt% NaCl in water, pH 0 to 14, hot or cold	—	[23-28,32,34]
Ice formation/ice removal	By mechanical removal, or by melting	—	[26,36-37]
Thermal/Freezing test	Environment: air, liquid nitrogen Temperature: from −196℃ to 350℃	—	[28,36]

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