Preparation and compression properties of negative stiffness honeycomb cell structure
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摘要: 基于短切碳纤维增强尼龙复合材料(MarkForged Onyx)，采用熔融丝制造工艺(FFF)制备了负刚度蜂窝单胞结构。为分析其打印性能和压缩性能，进行负刚度蜂窝单胞结构试样压缩试验，试验分析了堆叠方式、填充图案及壁厚层数三种打印工艺参数对该结构打印性能和压缩性能的影响机制。结果表明：水平堆叠方式、六边形填充图案、一层壁厚打印工艺参数组合有效减少结构的打印时间、打印成本。水平堆叠方式结构的压缩性能优于侧立和正立方向；与四边形、六边形填充图案相比，三角形填充图案明显提高结构的吸能能力；二层的壁厚层数对结构抗压强度的提高最显著。在加载过程中，单胞结构呈现出显著的负刚度特性，能量吸收效率约达70%，力阈值约为185 N；循环试验后，仅存在6%的压缩变形量，实现了基于MarkForged Onyx短切碳纤维增强尼龙复合材料负刚度蜂窝芯结构的可恢复能量吸收。
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关键词:
- 纤维增强热塑性复合材料 /
- 负刚度蜂窝结构 /
- 压缩性能 /
- 能量吸收 /
- 堆叠方式
Abstract: Negative stiffness honeycomb cell structures were fabricated by fused filament fabrication (FFF) based on chopped carbon fiber reinforced nylon composites (MarkForged Onyx). In order to analyze the printing properties and compression properties, compression tests for negative stiffness honeycomb cell structure specimens were carried out. The influence mechanism of three process parameters, including building directions, fill patterns and wall layers, on the printing properties and compression properties of the structure was analyzed. The results show that the combination of flat building directions, hexagonal fill pattern and one wall layer can effectively reduce the printing time and cost of the structure. The compression properties of the flat building directions are superior to that of the on-edge and up-right. Compared with quadrilateral and hexagonal fill pattern, triangular fill pattern improves the energy absorption capacity of the structure significantly. Two wall layers have a great impact on the compressive strength of the structure. Cell structures show pronounced negative stiffness behavior during the loading process with percent energy absorbed up to 70%, and force threshold of about 185 N. Through the cycle tests, there is only 6% of the compression deformation, realizing the recoverable energy absorption of negative stiffness honeycomb core structures based on Markforged Onyx chopped carbon fiber reinforced nylon composites. -
图 1 短切碳纤维增强尼龙复合材料(MarkForged Onyx)测试前随机散斑形貌及测试后全场应变云图
Figure 1. Random speckle morphology before test and full-field strain contours after test of chopped carbon fiber reinforced nylon composites (MarkForged Onyx)
图 2 MarkForged Onyx短切碳纤维增强尼龙复合材料的拉伸应力-应变曲线
Figure 2. Tensile stress-strain curve of Markforged Onyx chopped carbon fiber reinforced nylon composites
图 3 Markforged Onyx短切碳纤维增强尼龙复合材料的SEM图像
Figure 3. SEM images of Markforged Onyx chopped carbon fiber reinforced nylon composites
图 5 负刚度蜂窝单胞结构的压缩试验
Figure 5. Compression test for negative stiffness honeycomb cell structure
图 6 不同堆叠方式的负刚度蜂窝单胞结构的打印、压缩情况
Figure 6. Printing and compression of negative stiffness honeycomb cell structures with different building directions
图 7 堆叠方式对负刚度蜂窝单胞结构打印性能的影响
Figure 7. Effect of building directions on printing properties of negative stiffness honeycomb cell structures
图 8 负刚度蜂窝单胞结构填充图案
Figure 8. Fill patterns of negative stiffness honeycomb cell structures
图 9 填充图案对负刚度蜂窝单胞结构打印性能的影响
Figure 9. Effectof fill patterns on printing properties of negative stiffness honeycomb cell structures
图 10 负刚度蜂窝单胞结构壁厚层数
Figure 10. Number of wall layer of negative stiffness honeycomb cell structures
图 11 壁厚层数对负刚度蜂窝单胞结构打印性能的影响
Figure 11. Effect of wall layers on printing properties of negative stiffness honeycomb cell structures
图 12 负刚度蜂窝单胞结构加卸载过程中不同阶段的变形情况
Figure 12. Negative stiffness honeycomb cell structures in various stages of loading and unloading
图 13 填充图案对负刚度蜂窝单胞结构压缩性能的影响
Figure 13. Effect of fill patterns on compression properties of negative stiffness honeycomb cell structures
图 14 壁厚层数对负刚度蜂窝单胞结构压缩性能的影响
Figure 14. Effect of wall layers on compression properties of negative stiffness honeycomb cell structures
图 15 拉伸载荷和负刚度蜂窝单胞结构内部横梁打印层的位置关系
Figure 15. Position relationship between tensile load and printing layer of the horizontal beam of negative stiffness honeycomb cell structures
图 16 不同堆叠方式的标准拉伸试样拉伸应力-应变曲线及断口
Figure 16. Tensile stress-strain curves and fractures of standard tensile specimens with different building directions
图 17 实体压缩试样面内压缩和面外压缩
Figure 17. In-plane compression and out-of-plane compression of solid compression specimens
图 18 实体压缩试样面内压缩和面外压缩应力-应变曲线
Figure 18. In-plane compression and out-of-plane compression stress-strain curves of solid compression specimens
图 19 负刚度与能量吸收之间的关系
Figure 19. Relationship between negative stiffness and energy absorption
表 1 MarkForged Onyx短切碳纤维增强尼龙复合材料及常见的打印原材料的基本力学参数
Table 1. Properties of Markforged Onyx chopped carbon fiber reinforced nylon composites and common printing raw materials
Property MarkForged Onyx Common printing raw materials Nylon TPU PLA ABS Young’s modulus/MPa 1850 570 26 2346.5 1681.5 Yield stress/MPa 20 27.8 8.6 49.5 39 Elongation at break/% 25 210 580 5.2 4.8 Notes: TPU—Thermoplastic polyurethane; PLA—Polylactic acid; ABS—Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene. 
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表 2 负刚度蜂窝单胞结构的打印工艺参数
Table 2. Process parameters of negative stiffness honeycomb cell structures
Specimen Building direction Fill pattern Number of wall layer S1 Flat Triangle 2 S2 On-edge Triangle 2 S3 Up-right Triangle 2 S4 Flat Quadrangle 2 S5 Flat Hexagon 2 S6 Flat Triangle 1 S7 Flat Triangle 3 Notes: Nozzle temperature 273℃; Fill density 40%; Layer height 0.1 mm.
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表 3 不同打印工艺参数负刚度蜂窝单胞结构的能量吸收及力阈值
Table 3. Energy absorption and force threshold of negative stiffness honeycomb cell structures with different process parameters
Performance parameter S1 S4 S5 S6 S7 Force threshold/N 185 122 151 109 202 Energy absorbed during loading/mJ 1997.09 1461.47 1847.38 1257.81 2338.35 Energy recovered during unloading/mJ 623.09 567.82 696.17 397.72 838.76 Net energy absorbed or dissipated/mJ 1374.01 893.64 1151.21 860.09 1499.57 Percent energy absorbed/% 68.8 61.1 62.3 68.4 64.1 Mass/g 13.07 13.11 11.33 11.07 13.93 Energy absorbed per unit mass/(mJ·g-1) 105.18 68.16 101.61 77.69 107.65
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