Cr-Y共掺杂AgSnO<sub>2</sub>触头材料性能的仿真与实验

许婧婷; 王景芹; 朱艳彩; 张广智; 胡德霖; 黄光临

doi:10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20210716.004

Cr-Y共掺杂AgSnO₂触头材料性能的仿真与实验

doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20210716.004

1.
河北工业大学　省部共建电工装备可靠性与智能化国家重点实验室，天津 300130
2.
上海良信电器股份有限公司，上海 200137
3.
苏州电器科学研究院有限公司，苏州 215104
4.
温州聚星科技股份有限公司，温州 325062

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(51777057)

详细信息

通讯作者:
王景芹，博士，教授，博士生导师，研究方向为电工装备可靠性理论及应用　E-mail：jqwang@hebut.edu.cn

中图分类号: TM501
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-06-11
- 修回日期: 2021-06-30
- 录用日期: 2021-07-05
- 网络出版日期: 2021-07-19
- 刊出日期: 2022-07-30

Simulation and experiment on properties of Cr-Y co-doped AgSnO₂ contact materials

1.
State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
2.
Shanghai Liangxin Electrical Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200137, China
3.
Suzhou Electrical Apparatus Science Academy Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215104, China
4.
WenZhou Juxing Electric Contact Technology Co., Ltd., Wenzhou 325062, China

摘要

摘要: 采用掺杂改性的方式改善AgSnO₂复合触头材料的电性能和加工性能。基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理，对掺杂Cr-Y、Cr-Ce的SnO₂超晶胞进行弹性常数的仿真计算，筛选出力学性能较好的稀土元素Y进行电性能的仿真与实验。从能带结构和态密度分析Cr、Y单掺杂和共掺杂对SnO₂电子结构的影响，结果表明，掺杂后SnO₂能带隙减小，电子跃迁所需能量降低。采用溶胶凝胶法制备掺杂的SnO₂粉末，并应用XRD对其进行物相结构分析，验证了掺杂离子进入SnO₂晶格，形成固溶体，能实现仿真建立的替代掺杂模型。采用粉末冶金法制备掺杂的AgSnO₂复合触头材料，测量其密度、硬度和电导率，掺杂后AgSnO₂触头材料电导率提高，其中Cr、Y共掺时物理性能最优，验证了仿真结果。使用JF04D型电接触触头材料测试系统对触头材料进行电接触性能试验，试验结果表明，掺杂Cr、Y可有效降低AgSnO₂触头材料的燃弧能量，改善抗电弧侵蚀性，抑制电弧对触头的烧蚀，稳定触头材料的抗电弧侵蚀性能、抗熔焊性能。
- AgSnO₂触头材料 /
- 溶胶-凝胶法 /
- 电接触性能 /
- 燃弧能量 /
- 能带结构
Abstract: The electrical and processing properties of AgSnO₂ composite contact materials were improved by doping. Based on the first principles of density functional theory, the elastic constants of SnO₂ supercells doped with Cr-Y and Cr-Ce were calculated by simulation, and the rare earth element Y with better mechanical properties was selected for simulation and experiment of electrical properties. The effects of Cr and Y doping on the electrical properties of SnO₂ were analyzed from the energy band structure and density of states. The results show that the band gap of SnO₂ decreases and the energy required for electron transition cuts down after doping. The doped SnO₂ powder was prepared by sol-gel method, and its phase structure was analyzed by XRD. It is verified that doping ions enter into the SnO₂ lattice to form solid solution, and achieves the alternative doping model established by simulation. The doped AgSnO₂ composite contact materials were prepared by powder metallurgy method, and their densities, hardnesses and conductivities were measured. The conductivities of doped AgSnO₂ contact materials are improved, and Cr-Y co-doped is the best among them, which verifies the simulation results. JF04D type electrical contact material test system was used to test the electrical contact performance of contact materials. The test results show that doping Cr and Y can effectively reduce the arc energy of AgSnO₂ contact materials, improve the arc erosion resistance, inhibit the arc ablation of contact materials, and stabilize the arc erosion resistance and welding resistance of contact materials.
- AgSnO₂ contact material /
- sol-gel method /
- electrical contact performance /
- arc energy /
- band structure

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图 1 SnO₂超晶胞模型

Figure 1. SnO₂ supercell model

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图 2 不同体系SnO₂的能带结构

Figure 2. Band structures of various SnO₂ systems

E_f—Fermi energy

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图 3 不同体系SnO₂的总态密度(TDOS)与分波态密度(PDOS)

Figure 3. Total density of states (TDOS) and partial density of states (PDOS) of various SnO₂ systems

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图 4 各SnO₂粉末的XRD图谱

Figure 4. XRD patterns of various SnO₂ powders

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图 5 AgSnO₂触头材料燃弧时间

Figure 5. Arc duration of AgSnO₂ contact materials

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图 6 AgSnO₂触头材料燃弧能量

Figure 6. Arc energy of AgSnO₂ contact materials

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图 7 AgSnO₂触头材料熔焊力

Figure 7. Welding force of AgSnO₂ contact materials

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表 1 各SnO₂体系晶格常数与焓变

Table 1. Lattice constant and enthalpy change of various SnO₂ systems

Model	a/nm	b/nm	c/nm	Volume/nm³	ΔH/eV
SnO₂	0.474	0.474	0.318	0.0715	−0.012
SnO₂-Cr	0.482	0.482	0.325	0.0762	−2.281
SnO₂-Y	0.502	0.502	0.338	0.0849	−8.163
SnO₂-Cr-Y	0.489	0.490	0.330	0.0791	−9.917
SnO₂-Ce	0.496	0.496	0.334	0.0862	−3.652
SnO₂-Cr-Ce	0.491	0.490	0.330	0.0795	−6.341
Notes: a, b, c—Lattice parameter; ΔH—Enthalpy change.

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表 2 各SnO₂体系弹性常数

Table 2. Elastic constants of various SnO₂ systems

Model	C₁₁	C₁₂	C₁₃	C₂₂	C₃₃	C₄₄	C₅₅	C₆₆
SnO₂	184.09	111.62	100.48	184.09	339.49	81.59	81.59	165.08
SnO₂-Cr	300.27	−17.94	95.69	315.19	334.11	91.03	81.64	38.46
SnO₂-Y	302.31	−9.77	123.38	271.81	305.31	51.92	72.59	30.42
SnO₂-Cr-Y	165.85	105.20	135.37	331.18	194.52	75.95	166.40	76.99
SnO₂-Ce	318.04	−5.65	130.33	303.89	323.59	73.84	78.09	32.46
SnO₂-Cr-Ce	176.86	104.62	110.06	324.61	181.76	72.41	155.69	74.57
Note: C—Elastic constant.

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表 3 各SnO₂体系的体积模量B、剪切模量G、杨氏模量E、泊松比ν和硬度HV

Table 3. Bulk modulus B, shear modulus G, Young’s modulus E, Poisson’s ratio ν and hardness (HV) of various SnO₂ systems

Model	B/GPa	G/GPa	E/GPa	G/B	ν	Hardness (HV)/GPa
SnO₂	144.059	82.102	206.984	0.569	0.261	11.003
SnO₂-Cr	142.587	83.853	210.328	0.588	0.254	11.574
SnO₂-Y	137.639	67.112	173.187	0.487	0.290	7.989
SnO₂-Cr-Y	152.224	70.922	184.166	0.466	0.298	7.888
SnO₂-Ce	151.893	74.861	192.894	0.493	0.288	8.737
SnO₂-Cr-Ce	142.816	75.782	193.177	0.531	0.275	9.585

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表 4 制备SnO₂粉末所需试剂质量比

Table 4. Mass ratio of reagents for preparation of SnO₂ powders

Composition	Mass ratio
SnCl₄·5H₂O∶CrCl₃·6H₂O	6.58∶1
SnCl₄·5H₂O∶YCl₃·6H₂O	5.75∶1
SnCl₄·5H₂O：CrCl₃·6H₂O∶YCl₃·6H₂O	11.56∶0.88∶1

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表 5 AgSnO₂触头材料的电导率、硬度和密度

Table 5. Conductivity, hardness and density of AgSnO₂ contact materials

Contact material	Conductivity/ (mS·m⁻¹)	Hardness/ GPa	Density/ (g·cm⁻³)
AgSnO₂	24.39	121.55	8.58
Cr-AgSnO₂	29.41	119.07	8.74
Y-AgSnO₂	27.04	118.90	8.63
Cr-Y-AgSnO₂	31.09	106.81	9.08

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表 6 不同掺杂情况下AgSnO₂触头材料熔焊力的平均值与方差

Table 6. Average and variance of welding force of AgSnO₂ contact materials with different doping

Contact material	Average value of welding force/cN	Variance of welding force
AgSnO₂	69.06	9.85
Cr-AgSnO₂	73.43	2.28
Y-AgSnO₂	71.49	2.61
Cr-Y-AgSnO₂	71.26	2.43

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