复合膜材料在盐湖提锂中的研究进展和展望

韩继龙; 曾祥杰; 王奎虎; 黄壹; 孟庆芬; 周理龙; 李正杰; 刘润静; 甄崇礼

doi:10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20210701.002

复合膜材料在盐湖提锂中的研究进展和展望

doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20210701.002

韩继龙^1,,
曾祥杰^1,,
王奎虎^1,,
黄壹^2, ,,
孟庆芬^3,,
周理龙^1,,
李正杰^1,,
刘润静^1,,
甄崇礼^1,

1.
河北科技大学，石家庄 050018
2.
爱丁堡大学工程学院材料与过程研究所，爱丁堡 EH93FB
3.
金昆仑锂业有限公司，格尔木 817000

基金项目: 青海省海西州科技局企业创新资金计划(2019-104)

详细信息

通讯作者:
黄壹，博士，教授，博士生导师，研究方向为MOFs膜材料　E-mail：Yi.Huang@cd.ac.uk

中图分类号: TQ131
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-04-23
- 修回日期: 2021-06-18
- 录用日期: 2021-06-27
- 网络出版日期: 2021-07-01
- 刊出日期: 2022-03-23

Research progress and prospect of membrane method in seawater/brine extraction of lithium

1.
Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
2.
School of Engineering, Institute for Materials & Processes, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH93FB, UK
3.
Jin Kunlun Lithium Industry Co. Ltd., Golmud 817000, China

摘要

摘要: 锂电池新能源产业的快速发展刺激了锂需求量呈指数级增长，带动了锂产业链的变革和技术升级。盐湖卤水中拥有丰富的锂资源，已逐渐取代锂辉石成为原料锂的最主要来源。综合比较卤水提锂采用的沉淀法、吸附法、煅烧浸取法、萃取法、膜分离法等各种工艺，膜分离方法具有常温下无相变、高效、节能、环保的特点，成为提锂工业最有前景的新技术。目前，具有锂分离效果的膜过程研究主要有膜-吸附、膜-溶剂萃取和膜-电渗析等，其中又以膜-电渗析技术较为成熟，在工业上已经成功应用于盐湖卤水提锂。但目前采用的有机聚合物膜存在的膜堵塞、有机物溶损、环境污染等问题，限制了膜-电渗析法在提锂产业的推广。无机陶瓷膜按孔径分为微滤、超滤和纳滤，分离过程主要基于“物理筛选”理论，并且无机陶瓷膜材料具有化学结构稳定、力学性能好、制备过程简单、耐高温、孔径均匀、孔径分布范围窄、寿命长等众多优点，因此新型无机膜材料开发引起了学界的广泛关注，成为膜法提锂研究的热点问题。
- 提锂 /
- 卤水 /
- 膜分离 /
- 聚合物膜 /
- 无机膜
Abstract: With the widespread promotion of new energy electric vehicles for lithium batteries worldwide, the demand for lithium is surging. And the industry chain of lithium is in the process of technological transformation and upgrading, the extraction of lithium from salt lake brine is becoming the main source. Comprehensively compare the precipitation method, adsorption method, calcining leaching method, extraction method, and other processes used in the extraction of lithium from brine, membrane separation is a high-efficiency and energy-saving separation and purification technology without phase change at room temperature, and it has become the most promising energy-saving and environmentally-friendly new technology in the lithium extraction industry. At present, the research on membrane processes with lithium separation effect mainly includes membrane-adsorption, membrane-solvent extraction and membrane-electrodialysis, etc. And membrane-electrodialysis technology has been successfully applied to extract lithium from salt lake brine in industry. However, the existing shortcomings of organic membranes, such as membrane blockage, organic matter dissolution loss, and environmental pollution, limit the promotion of membrane-electrodialysis in the lithium extraction industry. Inorganic ceramic membranes are divided into microfiltration, ultrafiltration and nanofiltration according to the pore size. The separation process is mainly based on the “physical screening” theory, and the inorganic ceramic membrane material has stable chemical structure, good mechanical properties, simple preparation process, high temperature resistance, uniform pore size, It has many advantages such as narrow pore size distribution range and long life. Therefore, the development of new inorganic membrane materials has attracted widespread attention from the academic community and has become a hot issue in the study of lithium extraction by membrane methods.
- lithium extraction /
- brine /
- membrane separation /
- polymer film /
- inorganic membrance

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图 1 柴达木盆地Li资源分布图 (1∶500000)

Figure 1. Distribution map of Li resources in Qaidam Basin (1∶500000)

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图 2 吸附法提锂流程图

Figure 2. Flow chart of lithium extraction by adsorption method

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图 3 煅烧法提锂流程图

Figure 3. Flow chart of lithium extraction by calcination method

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图 4 溶剂萃取法提锂流程图

Figure 4. Lithium extraction flow chart by solvent extraction

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图 5 聚氯乙烯-Li_1.6Mn_1.6O₄ (PVC-Li_1.6Mn_1.6O₄) 前体膜提锂机制图^[34]

Figure 5. Lithium extraction mechanism diagram of polyvinyl chloride-Li_1.6Mn_1.6O₄ (PVC-Li_1.6Mn_1.6O₄) precursor membranes^[34]

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图 6 f-(2MI2C4)GO(F-GM) 的制备路线和细节示意图^[36]

Figure 6. Preparation route and detailed schematic diagram of f-(2MI2C4)GO (F-GM)^[36]

GO—Graphene oxide; DMSO—Dimethyl sulfoxide; DCC—N, N-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; DMAP—4-Dimethylamino pyridine; 2MI2C4—2-Methylol-12-crown-4; PVDF—Poly(vinylidene fluoride); DMAc—N, N-Dimethyl acetamide; PVP—Polyvinylpyr rolidone; f-GO—Functionalized GO; F-GMs—f-(2MI2C4)GO

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图 7 壳聚糖(CS)与2-(羟甲基)-12-冠4-醚 (2H₁₂C₄) 反应的示意图^[38]

Figure 7. Schematic diagram of the reaction between chitosan (CS) and 2-(hydroxymethyl)-12-crown 4-ether (2H₁₂C₄) ^[38]

ECH—Epichlorohydrin; DMF—N, N-Dimethylformamide; CE—Crown ether

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图 8 使用支撑液膜 (SLMs)提出的运输机制方案^[43]

Figure 8. Scheme of using the transportation mechanism proposed by supported liquid membrane (SLMs)^[43]

HFDOD—Heptafluoro-dimethyl octanedione; TOPO—Tri-n-octylphosphine oxide

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图 9 聚合物包覆膜 (PIM) 萃取Li⁺过程示意图^[45]

Figure 9. Schematic diagram of Li⁺ extraction process with polymer inclusion membrane (PIM)^[45]

TBP—Tributylphosphate

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图 10 膜提取过程中Li⁺和Li⁺络合物的浓度曲线^[41]

Figure 10. Concentration curve of Li⁺ and Li⁺ complexes during membrane extraction ^[41]

CP—Concentration polarization; F—Feeding stage; O—Organic phase; m—Membrane; b—Bulk phase; s—Stripping phase

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图 11 纳滤过程中溶质排斥机制示意图^[53]

Figure 11. Schematic diagram of solute rejection mechanism in nanofiltration process^[53]

Δx—Membrane active layer thickness

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图 12 模拟卤水中分离锂的[MimAP][Tf₂N]-聚酰胺/聚丙烯腈纳滤膜的初步制备^[55]

Figure 12. Preliminary preparation of [MimAP][Tf₂N]-polyamide/polyacrylonitrile nanofiltration membrane to simulate lithium separation in brine^[55]

IP—Interfacial polymerization; PAN—Polyacrylonitrile; PA—Polyamide

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图 13 双层正电纳滤膜制作过程示意图^[56]

Figure 13. Schematic diagram of the production process of double-layer positive nanofiltration membrane^[56]

PES—Polyether sulfone; SWCNT—Single-walled carbon nanotubes; PA—Polyamide; EDC/NHS—N-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride/N-Hydroxysuccinimide; PEI-g-PA—Polyether sulfone-g-polyamide

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图 14 复合纳滤 (NF) 膜制造的示意图^[57]

Figure 14. Schematic diagram of composite nanofiltration (NF) membrane manufacturing ^[57]

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图 15 夹层式液膜电渗析系统示意图^[58]

Figure 15. Schematic diagram of sandwich liquid membrane electrodialysis system^[58]

CEM—Cation exchange membrane; TBP—Tributyl phosphate

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图 16 无机膜的分离原理

Figure 16. Separation principle of inorganic membranes

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图 17 磷酸钛铝锂 (LATP) 海水提锂原理图

Figure 17. Schematic diagram of lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (LATP) membrane method for lithium extraction from seawater

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图 18 锂离子的迁移通道示意图^[70]

Figure 18. Schematic diagram of the migration channel of lithium ions^[70]

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图 19 锂离子在Li_0.33La_0.56TiO₃晶格中的渗流图^[71]

Figure 19. Diagram of the percolation of lithium ions in the Li_0.33La_0.56TiO₃lattice^[71]

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表 1 青海柴达木盆地主要盐湖锂资源品位及储量

Table 1. Grades and reserves of lithium resources in the main salt lakes of Qaidam Basin in Qinghai

Deposit name	Reserves (Ten thousand tons)	Grade of intercrystalline brine/(g·L⁻¹)
Yiliping salt lake	178.39	2.20
Xitai jinel salt lake	308.00	2.57
Dongtai kinel salt lake	284.78	3.12
Dachaidan salt lake	38.02	1.34
Chaerhan salt lake	840.00	1.60
Total	1583.19	Brine grade is between 1.60-3.12

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