碳纤维增强聚合物基复合材料回收再利用现状

胡侨乐; 端玉芳; 刘志; 郑贤宏; 徐珍珍

doi:10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20210615.003

碳纤维增强聚合物基复合材料回收再利用现状

doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20210615.003

胡侨乐^1, ,,
端玉芳^1,,
刘志^{1, 2},
郑贤宏¹,
徐珍珍¹

1.
安徽工程大学　纺织服装学院，芜湖 241000
2.
中电科芜湖钻石飞机制造有限公司，芜湖 241000

基金项目: 安徽工程大学引进人才科研启动基金(2020YQQ043)；校级科研项目(Xjky2020049)；安徽省纺织结构复合材料国际联合研究中心开放基金(2021ACTC10)

详细信息

通讯作者:
胡侨乐，博士，讲师，硕士生导师，研究方向为复合材料结构性能设计及回收再利用　 E-mail：huqiaole@ahpu.edu.cn

中图分类号: TB33
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-04-28
- 修回日期: 2021-05-28
- 录用日期: 2021-06-05
- 网络出版日期: 2021-06-15
- 刊出日期: 2022-01-15

Current status of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites recycling and re-manufacturing

HU Qiaole^{1
, ,},
DUAN Yufang^1
,,
LIU Zhi^{1, 2},
ZHENG Xianhong¹,
XU Zhenzhen¹

1.
School of Textile and Clothing, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
2.
CETC Wuhu diamond Aircraft Manufacturing CO., LTD., Wuhu 241000, China

摘要

摘要: 优异性能的碳纤维增强聚合物基复合材料(CFRPs)在各领域的快速应用发展给复合材料废弃物的回收带来了挑战，尤其是碳纤维增强热固性复合材料。为有效回收碳纤维增强复合材料，促进复合材料产业的可持续发展，本文从多个角度对废弃CFRPs回收再利用研究现状进行综述，包括各回收工艺技术特点、应用领域及可降解树脂实现回收CFRPs的新策略。最后对CFRPs回收再利用技术的未来发展趋势进行了展望。
- 碳纤维 /
- 碳纤维复合材料 /
- 增强聚合物 /
- 废弃复合材料 /
- 回收技术
Abstract: The rapid application and development of high-performance carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs) brought challenges for the recovery of composite waste. Recycling of carbon fiber reinforced thermoset composites has been particularly demanding. This paper reviewed the research status of CFRPs waste recycling from multiple perspectives in order to effectively promote their sustainability. Characteristics of various recycling technologies, application fields and new strategies for recycling CFRPs with biodegradable resin were reviewed. Finally, the future development trend of CFRPS recycling technology was prospected.
- carbon fiber /
- carbon composites /
- reinforced polymer /
- composites waste /
- recycling techniques

HTML全文

图 2 (a) 过氧化氢与丙酮混合溶液降解碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRPs)^[34]；(b) N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)与过氧化氢混合溶液降解 CFRPs^[35]；(c) CFRPs中C—N键选择性断裂降解^[39]；(d) 硝酸、聚乙二醇和KOH实现温和条件下CFRPs降解^[36]；(e) 超声化学法降解CFRPs^[40]；(f) 过氧乙酸降解CFRPs^[41]

Figure 2. (a) Degradation of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs) by a mixture solution of hydrogen peroxide and acetone^[34]; (b) Degradation of mixed solution with N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and hydrogen peroxide^[35]; (c) Degradation by selective breakage of C—N bond in CFRPs^[39]; (d) Degradation of CFRPs under mild conditions achieved by nitric acid, polyethylene glycol and KOH^[36]; (e) Degradation of CFRPs by ultrasonic chemical method^[40]; (f) Degradation of CFRPs by peroxyacetic acid^[41]

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图 1 碳纤维复合材料主要回收方法((a)机械回收法；(b)风电叶片热裂解回收法；(c)流化床热解回收法；(d)微波热解回收法)

Figure 1. Main recovery methods on carbon fiber composites ((a) Mechanical recovery method; (b) Pyrolysis recovery method on wind blade; (c) Fluidized-bed pyrolysis recovery method; (d) Microwave pyrolysis recovery method)

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图 3 (a) 电化学法降解废弃CFRPs技术示意图；(b) 后处理工艺红外成像；(c) 不同材料能量消耗分布超/亚临界流体法工艺条件示意图；(d) 超临界流体概述图；(e) 超临界流体回收CFRPs示意图

Figure 3. (a) Diagram of degradation of waste CFRPs by electrochemical technology; (b) Infrared imaging by post-treatment process; (c) Diagram of the process conditions of super/subcritical fluid method with different material energy consumption distribution; (d) Overview of supercritical fluids; (e) Diagram of recovery of CFRPs by supercritical fluid

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图 4 (a) 基于可降解CFRP设计^[55]；(b) 解离型共价适应网络(CANs)和结合型CANs^[60]；(c) Vitrimer合成及优异的耐溶剂性、抗蠕变性和可焊接性^[62]；(d) 基于脂肪酸的可回收CFRP^[63]；(e) 基于芳族二硫交联键的可回收CFRP^[64]；(f) 生物基可回收CFRP^[65]

Figure 4. (a) Design based on degradable CFRPs^[55]; (b) Dissociated covalent adaptation networks (CANs) and bound CANs ^[60]; (c) Vitrimer synthesis and excellent solvent resistance, creep resistance and weldability^[62]; (d) Recoverable CFRPs based on fatty acid^[63]; (e) Recoverable CFRPs based on aromatic disulfide cross-linking bond^[64]; (f) Bio-based recoverable CFRPs^[65]

PMMA—Polymethyl methacrylate; HDPE—high-density polyethylene; EG—Ethylene glycol; BGPDS—Bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)disulfide; AFD—4-aminophenyl disulfide；DTT—Dithiothreitol; HDMO—2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-dioxan-5-ol; σ—Stress

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图 5 (a) 高性能不连续纤维法(HiPerDiF)纤维取向法^[71]；(b) 机械与工程学院开发的工艺(I2M)取向法制备碳纤维带^[72]；(c) ELG碳纤维公司、德国纺织纤维研究所(DITF)、德国凯撒斯劳滕的复合材料研究所(IVW)和本田欧洲研发公司合作开发的长纤维取向回收再利用工艺

Figure 5. (a) High performance discontinuous fiber method (HiPerDiF) fiber orientation method^[72]; (b) Preparation of carbon fiber tape by institut de mécanique et d’ingénierie (I2M) orientation method^[72]; (c) ELG carbon fibers company, German Institute for Textile Fibers (DITF), Institute for Composite Materials (IVW), Kaiserslautern, Germany and long fiber orientation recovery and recycling process developed in collaboration with Honda Europe R&D

ADFRC—Aligned discontinuous fibre composite

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表 1 现有主要机械法回收技术公司及产品应用

Table 1. Major existing companies in mechanical recovery technology and product applications

Company	Country	Products	Characteristics
Eco-Wolf, Inc.	American	Short fiber(<3 cm)	Fiber damaged greatly; short fiber obtained; Generally suitable for recycling low-cost raw materials: glass fiber
Reprocover	Belgium	Hatches, Street facilities, Double track train tracks, etc
Hambleside Danelow	England	Packing, Injection molding, etc
Filon Products Ltd.	England	Trash cans, Concrete, etc
MCR-group Plactic Omnium	France	Asphalt, concrete, composite materials, etc

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表 2 热处理回收法优缺点及现有主要热处理法回收技术公司

Table 2. Advantages and disadvantages of heat treatment recovery method and existing major companies on technology of heat treatment recovery method

Method	Company	Scale/(kg·year⁻¹)	Products	Characteristic
Pyrolysis	Carbon Conversions (USA)	2 000 000	Nonwoven mat	Commercial production, harmful gases, properties decrease (10%-20%)
	ELG Carbon Fibre (UK)	2 000 000	Short fiber, nonwoven, milled fibre
	Nantong Fuyuan New Material Technology Co. Ltd	1 500 000	Nonwoven, non-bearing components
	CFK Valley Stade Recycling GmbH & Co. KG (Germany)	1 000 000	Chopped and grinded fiber
Fluidized bed pyrolysis	University of Nottingham (UK)	1 000 000	–	Cleaner fiber surface, short fiber, properties decreased greatly
	Milled Carbon Ltd.	Lab	Milled fibre
	Sicomp	Lab	–
Microwave pyrolysis	Taiwan Yonghong Advanced Materials Co. Ltd	(80-100) ×10³	Car seat, tailplane, automobile and leisure products	Recovery rate >90%, cleaner fiber surface, strength retention rate >90%, non-toxic, low cost
	Firebird Advanced Materisls Inc.	Lab	–
	University of Nottingham (UK)	Lab	–

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表 3 化学回收法特点及用途

Table 3. Characteristics and applications of chemical recovery method

Method	Advantage	Disadvantage	Products	Company
Solvolysis	Strength basically maintained; Process simple	Degradation mechanism is complex, Operation is difficult, Environmental pollution, Laboratory stage	Lightweight components, SMC products, etc	Adesso, Adherent Technologies, Siemens, Hitachi Chemical
Electrochemical recycling	Recycling larger size CFRPs, Simple procedure, Green and friendly	High voltage, High energy consumption, Fiber property decreases greatly	Construction, carbon fiber mats, etc	–
Supercritical/ Sub-critical solvent	Little fiber damage, Controllable fiber size	Incomplete degradation, High cost, Harsh conditions, Laboratory stage	Additive and filler	University of Nottingham, CMBC Laboratory, Panasonic Electric Works Co.
Note: SMC—Sheet molding compound.

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