A wideband, transparent and flexible microwave metamaterial absorber
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摘要: 超材料作为一种新型人工复合材料，因其独特的电磁特性，已成为物理学、材料学和电磁学界的研究热点。本文提出了一款兼具微波宽频吸收和透明、柔性特点的超材料。该反射型超材料共3层，分别为周期单元吸波层、介质基板和反射底板。基于阻抗匹配理论推导的吸波层阻抗匹配曲线，为宽频吸波优化设计提供了准确、高效的理论指导。仿真结果表明，当超材料总厚度仅为最大截止波长的0.091时，微波吸收率高于90%的频率范围为8.2~22 GHz，总带宽达13.8 GHz，相对带宽为91.4%，实现了微波宽频吸收。同时，由于周期单元为对称结构，该超材料对入射电磁波极化特性不敏感。另外，通过选用聚氯乙烯(PVC)和氧化铟锡(ITO)材料，该超材料还同时具备光学透明和柔性的特点，因此在武器装备的视窗雷达隐身和共形雷达隐身方面具有潜在的应用价值。Abstract: As a new type of artificial composite material, metamaterials have attracted numerous attentions in the fields of physics, materials science and electromagnetics for its unique electromagnetic properties. A transparent and flexible metamaterial with wideband microwave absorption properties was proposed in this work. The reflection-type metamaterial was composed of a microwave absorption layer, a dielectric substrate and a reflective backplane. The impedance matching curves of the microwave absorption layer was deduced based on the impedance matching theory to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the wideband optimization design. Simulated results show that absorption higher than 90% can be achieved in the frequency band ranging from 8.2-22 GHz, corresponding to a total wideband of 13.8 GHz. The relative bandwidth reaches up to 91.4%, realizing wideband absorption while the thickness of the metamaterial is only 0.091 times the upper-cutoff wavelength. In addition, the metamaterial absorber is insensitive to polarization angle since its unit cell is symmetrical. Moreover, by rationally selecting materials of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and indium tin oxide (ITO), the metamaterial absorber in this work is optically transparent and flexible, thus quite suitable for window radar stealth and equipment conformal stealth.
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Key words:
- new composite material /
- metamaterial /
- wideband absorption /
- transparent /
- flexible
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图 1 反射型超材料
Figure 1. Reflection-type metamaterial
Zin—Input impedance of the metamaterial absorber; ZMAL—Impedance of the absorption layer; R—Equivalent resistance; L—Equivalent inductance; C—Equivalent capacitance; Z2—Input impedance of the substrate; Z1—Impedance of the backplane; Zc— Characteristic impedance of the substrate; kc—Propagation constant of the substrate; d—Thickness of the substrate
图 2 吸波层理想阻抗随介质板厚度 (a) 和介质板介电常数 (b) 实部变化曲线
Figure 2. Ideal impedance of the microwave absorption layer as a function of thickness of the dielectric substrate (a) and the real part of relative dielectric constant (b) of the dielectric substrate
Za—Real part of the ideal impedance of the absorbing layer; Zb—Imaginary part of the ideal impedance of the absorbing layer; d—Thickness of dielectric substrate
图 3 吸波层阻抗匹配曲线
Figure 3. Impedance matching curves of the microwave absorption layer
Zre—Actual impedance real part; Zim—Actual impedance imaginary part
图 4 文本设计的超材料吸波器单元结构图
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the metamaterial absorber
a—Size of one cell; l—Length of the cross; w—Width of the cross; lc—Length of the loaded patch; wc—Width of the loaded patch; ITO—Indium tin oxid; PET—Polyethylene; PVC—Polyvinyl chloride
图 5 平面波垂直入射时超材料反射系数随频率变化曲线 (a) 和吸波层阻抗匹配曲线 (b)
Figure 5. Simulated reflection coefficient of the metamaterial (a) and the microwave absorption layer impedance matching curves under the plane wave normal incidence (b)
图 6 平面波垂直入射时超材料的反射率、透射率及吸收率 (a) 和归一化阻抗 (b)
Figure 6. Reflectance, transmission and absorption (a) and the normalized input impedance of the metamaterial under the plane wave normal incidence (b)
图 7 平面波垂直入射时超材料在10.4 GHz和18.5 GHz的电磁响应：((a)、(b)) 面电流幅值 J；((c)、(d)) 面损耗密度；((e)、(f)) 面电场幅值E；((g)、(h)) 体损耗密度
Figure 7. Electromagnetic responses of the metamaterial under the plane wave normal incidence at 10.4 GHz and 18.5 GHz: ((a), (b)) Magnitude of the surface current J; ((c), (d)) Surface loss density; ((e), (f)) Magnitude of the surface electric field E; ((g), (h)) Top views (left) and side views (right) of volume loss density
图 8 横电波(TE)斜入射 (a) 和横磁波(TM)波斜入射 (b) 的超材料吸收率
Figure 8. Simulated absorption of the metamaterial versus different incident angles under transverse electric (TE) wave incidence (a) andtransverse magnetic (TM) wave incidence (b)
图 9 不同极化角度下的超材料吸收率
Figure 9. Simulated absorption of the metamaterial under different polarization angles
图 11 超材料反射系数的TE波垂直入射 (a) 和TM波垂直入射 (b) 仿真与测试结果对比曲线
Figure 11. Comparisons of the reflection coefficient between the experimental and simulation results under the TE wave normal incidence (a) and the TM wave normal incidence (b)
表 1 本文与相关文献超材料性能比较
Table 1. Performance comparison between the metamaterial absorber in this work and its counterparts
References Bandwidth (absorption higher than 90%) Relative bandwidth/% Thickness/mm Flexibility Transparency [19] 7.8-14.7(6.9) 61.3 5 No No [21] 5.8-12.2(6.4) 71.1 4.9 Yes Yes [23] 7-12.8(5.8) 58.6 3.4 No No [24] 4.3-18.7(14.4) 125.2 5.8 No Yes [26] 6-16.5(10.5) 93 4 Yes Yes [34] 7.6-12.8(5.2) 51 2 No No This work 8.2-22(13.8) 91.4 3 Yes Yes 
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