碳纤维增强镁基复合材料制备技术与新进展

杨程; 齐乐华; 周计明; 王建成

doi:10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20210301.004

碳纤维增强镁基复合材料制备技术与新进展

doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20210301.004

杨程^{1, 2},
齐乐华^{1, 2, ,},
周计明^{1, 2},
王建成^{2, 3}

1.
西北工业大学　机电学院，西安 710072
2.
陕西省纤维增强轻质复合材料重点实验室，西安 710072
3.
西北工业大学　材料学院，西安 710072

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(51821091；51972271)；陕西省技术创新引导专项(基金)计划(2020CGHJ-011)

详细信息

通讯作者:
齐乐华，教授，博士生导师，研究方向为金属基复合材料制备与应用、均匀液滴喷射技术与微纳制造　E-mail：qilehua@nwpu.edu.cn

中图分类号: TB333
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- 文章访问数: 2831
- HTML全文浏览量: 1022
- PDF下载量: 320
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-01-05
- 录用日期: 2021-02-03
- 网络出版日期: 2021-03-02
- 刊出日期: 2021-07-15

Preparation process and new progress in carbon fiber reinforced magnesium matrix composites

YANG Cheng^{1, 2},
QI Lehua^{1, 2
, ,},
ZHOU Jiming^{1, 2},
WANG Jiancheng^{2, 3}

1.
School of Mechatronic Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
2.
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Fiber Reinforced Light Composite Materials, Xi’an 710072, China
3.
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China

摘要

摘要: 碳纤维增强镁基(C_f/Mg)复合材料以其高比强度、高比刚度、接近于零的热膨胀系数及良好尺寸稳定性等独特优势，在航空、航天、车辆等领域具有广阔的应用前景。本文综述了可用于制备C_f/Mg复合材料的粉末冶金、扩散黏结、挤压铸造等方法的工艺原理和特点、国内外发展现状及面临的关键技术问题。在此基础上，梳理了近年来C_f/Mg复合材料制备技术取得的新进展，并介绍了对国防和国民经济领域产生显著推动作用和具有潜在应用前景的工程应用案例，分析了C_f/Mg复合材料所面临的挑战，对未来发展方向进行了展望。
- 碳纤维 /
- 镁 /
- 复合材料 /
- 制备工艺 /
- 应用
Abstract: The carbon fiber reinforced magnesium matrix (C_f/Mg) composites are considered as the most promising structural materials with great potential in both aerospace and automotive applications, which have high specific strength, high specific stiffness, excellent thermal conductivity, great electrical conductivity and good damping properties, as well as close to zero thermal expansion coefficient and good dimensional stability. In the present review, the craft principles and characteristics, as well as the current development status and the key technical problems of powder metallurgy, diffusion bonding, squeeze casting, etc that can be used to prepare C_f/Mg composites are discussed deeply. Then the new progresses made in the preparation of C_f/Mg composites in recent years are hackled. Furthermore, engineering application cases of C_f/Mg composite that have a significant promotion effect and potential application prospects in the fields of national defense and national economy are introduced. Additionally, the facing challenges of C_f/Mg composite are analyzed, and the future development directions are prospected.
- carbon fiber /
- magnesium /
- composites /
- preparation process /
- application

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图 1 碳纤维增强镁基(C_f/Mg)复合材料文献出版量和各种工艺占比

Figure 1. Number of papers on carbon fiber reinforced magnesium matrix (C_f/Mg) composite

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图 2 粉末冶金工艺示意图

Figure 2. Schematic of powder metallurgy

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图 3 多次热挤压工艺示意图^[19]

Figure 3. Schematic of multi-times hot-extrusion process^[19]

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图 4 扩散黏结法工艺示意图

Figure 4. Schematic of diffusion bonding

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图 5 挤压铸造工艺示意图

Figure 5. Schematic of squeeze casting

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图 6 保护气氛挤压铸造: (a)成形装置; (b)成形原理^[7]

Figure 6. Squeeze casting under protective atmosphere: (a) Apparatus; (b) Schematic^[7]

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图 7 真空差压浸渗工艺原理图: (a)真空气压浸渗; (b)真空吸铸法

Figure 7. Schematic of vaccum differential pressure infiltration: (a) Vacuum gas pressure infiltration; (b) Vacuum suction casting

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图 8 真空高压浸渗: (a)高温高压釜真空气压浸渗装置; (b)工艺原理图; (c)石墨模具; (d)成形件^[8]

Figure 8. Vacuum high pressure infiltration: (a) High-temperature and high-pressure autoclave; (b) Schematic illustration of infiltration process; (c) Graphite mould; (d) C_f/Mg specimens^[8]

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图 9 真空低压浸渗一体化成形装置: (a)装置; (b)工艺原理^[9,34]

Figure 9. Vacuum low pressure infiltration: (a) Apparatus; (b) Schematic^[9,34]

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图 10 搅拌铸造工艺示意图

Figure 10. Schematic of stir casting

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图 11 搅拌摩擦法: (a)工艺原理图; (b)传统螺纹搅拌头; (c)三角搅拌头; (d)搅拌摩擦区域^[44]

Figure 11. Friction stir processing: (a) Schematic; (b) Conventional threaded pin tool; (c) 3-flat pin tool; (d) Region of friction stir^[44]

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图 12 真空吸渗挤压(LSEVI)装置示意图

Figure 12. Schematic of liquid-solid extrusion following vacuum pressure infiltration technique (LSEVI)

1—Ar cylinder; 2—Gas pipe; 3, 4, 5, 6—Valve; 7—Pressure gage; 8—Pouring pipe; 9, 11—Sealing block; 10—Punch; 12—Cavity die; 13—Liquid Mg alloy; 14—Carbon fiber preform; 15—Preheating furnace; 16—Ejector; 17—Die-set; 18—Smelting furnace; 19—Vacuum pump

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图 13 LSEVI制备的C_f/Mg复合材料异形件: (a)支架件^[46]; (b)薄板异形件^[47]; (c)变截面筒形件^[48]

Figure 13. Special-shaped part prepared by LSEVI: (a) Bracket^[46]; (b) Sheet^[47]; (c) Cylindrical parts of variable cross-section^[48]

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图 14 压铸工艺原理: (a)合模、浇注; (b)高压充填成形; (c)开模; (d)顶出

Figure 14. Schematic of die casting: (a) Mold clamping and pouring; (b) High pressure filling; (c) Die sinking; (d) Ejection

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图 15 压铸制备的C_sf/Mg复合材料: (a)拉伸试样; (b)异形件^[50]

Figure 15. Special-shaped part prepared by die casting: (a) Tensile test specimen; (b) Special-shaped part^[50]

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图 16 喷射沉积法(DMD): (a)工艺原理; (b)实验装置; (c)镀锌铁网尺寸; (d)镀锌铁网与碳纤维^[52-53]

Figure 16. Disintegrated melt deposition (DMD): (a) Schematic; (b) Apparatus; (c) Planar view of iron wire mesh structure; (d) Tying of carbon fibers around iron wire mesh structure^[52-53]

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表 1 C_f/Mg工业产品中的代表性应用

Table 1. Representative applications of C_f/Mg composites industrial products

Category	Component	Product	Agency	Figure
Space structure	Parabolic antenna structure^[55]	Space vehicle	U.S. Navy
	Solar cell array substrate, collimating mirror frame structure of satellite system^[56]		NASA
	Honeycomb support structure of space reflector^[57]		NASA
	Truss structure (Diameter is 50 mm, length is 1.2 m)^[58]	Space truss	Lockheed Martin Corporation Maine Fiber Materials Corporation
	Sector mirror, foldable butterfly antenna ribs, elliptical antenna feed pillars^[56,59]	Hubble space telescope	NASA
Weaponry	Mirror frame, measuring components^[59]	Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV)	Metal Matrix Foundry Composites (U.S.)
Transportation	Engine piston^[60-61]	Diesel truck	RWTH Aachen University
	Engine piston^[62]	Commercial vehicle	Bavarian Motor Works

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表 2 C_f/Mg实验室研发阶段的潜在应用

Table 2. Potential applications of C_f/Mg composites in the laboratory development stage

Time	Development department	Preparation process	Potential application	Significance	Figure
1994	NASA; Foster-Miller Corporation (U.S.)	Vacuum pressure infiltration	Space truss and connecting parts (U-joints) that can be used in commercial applications^[30]	It can solve the problem of difficult welding of carbon fiber reinforced metal matrix composites
2003	Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (Swiss); University of Zurich (Saviss)	Squeeze casting	CERN’s large hadron collide^[63]	It can replace beryllium and its alloys to improve the rigidity and heat dissipation of materials
2003	National Sun Yat-sen University (Taiwan, China)	Diffusion bonding	Aircraft fuselage, lower wing skin and tail skin^[20]	Lightweight aircraft can be achieved, and the impact resistance and fatigue performance of materials can be improved
2005	University of Liverpool (UK)	University of Liverpool (UK)	Upper fuselage of Airbus A380^[21]	Lightweight aircraft can be achieved, and the impact resistance and fatigue performance of materials can be improved
2006	Institute of Materials Science and Testing (Austria); Vienna University of Technology (Austria); Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (Swiss)	Squeeze casting	Inner ring high precision bearing^[64]	It can reduce the weight of the bearing and improve the high temperature dimensional stability of material
2006	Delft University of Technology (Netherlands)	Diffusion bonding	Aircraft fuselage skin^[65]	It can replace aluminum alloy to achieve lightweight aircraft and improve the impact resistance of the fuselage
2007	Harbin Institute of Technology (China)	Squeeze casting	Bearing wheel^[66]	It can reduce the weight of the bearing and improve the high temperature dimensional stability
2009	Nagaoka University of Technology (Japan)	Squeeze casting	Engine piston^[26]	Lightweight vehicles can be achieved, and the dimensional stability and wear resistance of materials can be improved
2010	Northwestern Polytechnical University (China)	Liquid-solid extrusion following vacuum infiltration (LSEVI)	Aerospace bracket^[46]	It can replace aluminum and its composite materials to achieve lightweight
2011	Pusan National University (Korea); Institute of Materials Science (Korea)	Squeeze casting	Arm processing system of high-precision industrial robot^[27]	It can realize the lightweight, dimensional stability and positioning accuracy of the robot
2016	Northwestern Polytechnical University (China)	LSEVI	Cylindrical piece of weapon equipment^[48]	It can achieve the application goals of weapon system weight reduction, rapid response capability and voyage improvement
2017	Northwestern Polytechnical University (China)	LSEVI	Thin plate special-shaped parts for aerospace^[67]	It can replace aluminum and its composite materials to achieve lightweight
2017	Ufa State Aviation Technical University (Russia)	Squeeze casting	Compressor blades of aeroengine^[68]	Lightweight aircraft can be achieved, the damping performance of the blades can be improved, and the blade vibration can be reduced
2017	Shanghai Jiaotong University (China); Northeastern University (China); Harbin Engineering University (China)	Powder metallurgy	LED metal substrate (heat sink material)^[69]	Compared with traditional heat dissipation materials (copper, aluminum), it can achieve lighter weight, higher heat dissipation and service life
2019	Osaka University (Japan)	Diffusion bonding	High-speed rail body^[70]	It can substitute aluminum alloy, replace bolts, rivets, adhesives and other connection methods, reduce weight by 20%–30%, and solve the problem of adhesives harmful to humans

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