Design, fabrication and mechanical properties of soft composites with liquid inclusions
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摘要: 液相夹杂复合软材料是一类由功能液体或相变材料作为夹杂物的智能材料，由于其具备优异的变形特性和功能可设计性，近年来在柔性电子器件、可穿戴设备、软体机器人等领域得到广泛研究和应用。本文从以下几个方面回顾液相夹杂复合软材料的最新研究进展：首先，重点介绍非相变夹杂和相变夹杂复合软材料的功能设计及制备方法；然后，详细阐述液相夹杂复合软材料等效力学性能研究及尺寸效应；最后，简要探讨液相夹杂复合软材料研究所面临的挑战及值得关注的研究方向。Abstract: Soft composites with liquid inclusions are a class of smart soft composites with functional fluid inclusions or phase-change inclusions. Owing to their excellent performances in deformability and functional designability, soft composites with liquid inclusions have been widely investigated and applied in the fields of flexible electronic devices, wearable devices and soft robots. This article reviews the latest research progress of soft composites with liquid inclusions from several aspects including the functional design and fabrication methods of soft composites with non-phase-change and phase-change liquid inclusions, the effective mechanical properties and size-dependent mechanical behaviors of soft composites with liquid inclusions, the challenges in current research of soft composites with liquid inclusions as well as the issues worthy of attention.
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图 3 液态金属流动性(a)[39]、具有高热导系数的液态金属复合软材料(b)[49]及液态金属复合软材料应用于多层电路(Ⅰ)、柔性传感器(Ⅱ)、按压开关(Ⅲ) (c)[59]
Figure 3. Fluidity demonstration of liquid metal (a)[39], liquid metal embedded soft composites with high thermal conductivity (b)[49], applications of soft composites with liquid metal inclusions in multilayer circuit (Ⅰ), flexibility sensor (Ⅱ), push switch (Ⅲ) (c)[59]
图 9 液相夹杂复合软材料的单轴拉伸试验[65]: (a)不同尺寸液相夹杂的变形; (b)等效杨氏模量随夹杂体积分数的变化
Figure 9. Uniaxial tensile test of soft composite with liquid inclusions[65]: (a) Deformation of liquid inclusions of different sizes; (b) Effective Young’s modulus Ee of soft composites as a function of the liquid inclusion volume fraction f
图 10 在单轴远场载荷作用下不可压缩固体中液相夹杂特征参数随ξ=γ/(ER)的变化[119]: (a)液相夹杂的变形应变; (b)剪切应力集中系数;(c)剪切应力集中系数云图
Figure 10. Liquid inclusion characteristics as a function of ξ=γ/(ER) for inclusions in an incompressible solid matrix upon uniaxial far-field loading[119]: (a) Droplet strain; (b) Shear-stress concentration; (c) Shear-stress distribution
表 1 室温下(25℃)常见离子液体的基本物理参数[21]
Table 1. Physical properties of some ionic liquids at room temperature (25℃)[21]
Ionic liquid Density/(g·cm−3) Viscosity/(mPa·s) Electronic conductivity/
(mS·cm−1)Surface tension/
(mN·m−1) b[22]Thermal conductivity/
(W(m·K)−1)[23][BMIM][BF4] 1.175 119.78 50.7 a 43.6 0.172 [BMIM][PF6] 1.363 207 1.8 47.5 0.152 [BMIM][NTF2] 1.429 52 3.9 31.5 0.135 [EMIM][BF4] 1.279 32 14.0 44.3 0.200[24] [EMIM][NTF2] 1.518 34 9.2 40.5 0.145 Notes: [BMIM][BF4]—1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate; [BMIM][PF6]—1-Butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate; [BMIM][NTF2]—1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide; [EMIM][BF4]—1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate; [EMIM][NTF2]—1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide; a Data was obtained at 30℃; b Data was obtained from the interface between the tested liquid and air. 
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Property Typical value Density/(g·cm–3) 3–4 Initial viscosity/(Pa·s) 0.1–1.0 Maximum yield strength/kPa 50–100 Reaction time/(10–3 s) 10–20
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