Strength analysis and extrusion process optimization of wood-plastic composite by response surface method
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摘要: 以杨木纤维(WF)为增强材料，以高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)为基体，马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯(MAPE)为偶联剂，采用熔融挤出法制备了WF/HDPE复合材料。选取WF含量、偶联剂添加量、挤出温度为自变量，试件的抗冲击强度、弯曲强度、拉伸强度为响应值，采用Box-Behnken Design方法设计实验并利用响应曲面法建立WF/HDPE复合材料力学强度的二次多项数学模型，对WF/HDPE复合材料的挤出工艺进行优化设计。结果表明，WF添加量、MAPE添加量和挤出温度的最佳水平为：47.37wt%、4.23wt%、173.69℃，此时WF/HDPE复合材料的抗冲击强度为4.06 kJ·m−2，弯曲强度为43.79 MPa，拉伸强度为28.59 MPa。模型预测值与实测值误差小于5%，较好地反映了WF/HDPE复合材料力学性能与挤出工艺因素间的关系。Abstract: WF/HDPE composites were prepared by melt extrusion with poplar fiber (WF) as reinforcing material, high density polyethylene (HDPE) as matrix and maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE) as coupling agent. The addition amount of WF, the addition amount of coupling agent and the extrusion temperature were selected as independent variables, and the impact strength, bending strength and tensile strength of the specimen were selected as the response value. The experiment was designed by Box-Behnken Design method and the secondary mathematical model of mechanical strength of WF/HDPE composites was established by the response surface method to optimize the extrusion process of the composites. The results show that the optimum levels of WF addition, MAPE addition and extrusion temperature are 47.37wt%, 4.23wt% and 173.69℃, respectively. The corresponding impact strength, bending strength and tensile strength of WF/HDPE composite are 4.06 kJ·m−2, 43.79 MPa and 28.59 MPa. The error between the predicted value of the model and the measured value is less than 5%, which well reflects the relationship between the mechanical properties and the factors of extrusion process of the WF/HDPE composites.
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Key words:
- wood plastic /
- tensile property /
- bending property /
- impact resistance /
- response surface method
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图 1 杨木纤维/高密度聚乙烯(WF/HDPE)复合材料的DSC曲线
Figure 1. DSC curves of poplar fiber/high density polyethylene (WF/HDPE) composites
图 4 WF/HDPE复合材料抗冲击强度实测值与方程预测值对应关系 (a)、残差的正态概率分布曲线 (b)、残差与方程预测值对应关系 (c)
Figure 4. Relationship between measured and predicted values of impact strength of WF/HDPE composites (a) , normal probability distribution curve of residuals (b) , correlation diagram of residual error and equation prediction value (c)
图 5 各因素对WF/HDPE复合材料抗冲击强度的交互作用
Figure 5. Interaction of various factors on impact strength of WF/HDPE composites
图 6 各因素对WF/HDPE复合材料弯曲强度的交互作用
Figure 6. Interaction of various factors on bending strength of WF/HDPE composites
图 7 各因素对WF/HDPE复合材料拉伸强度的交互作用
Figure 7. Interaction of various factors on tensile strength of WF/HDPE composites
表 1 响应曲面因素水平设计
Table 1. Response surface factor horizontal design
Level Mass fraction of WF/wt% Temperature/
℃Mass fraction of MAPE/wt% −1 40 165 2 0 50 172.5 4 1 60 180 6 Note: MAPE—Maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene. 
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表 2 各因素设计方案及测试结果
Table 2. Design and test results of each factor
Number Mass fraction
of WF/wt%Temperature/
℃Mass fraction
of MAPE/wt%Mass fraction
of HDPE/wt%Impact strength /
(kJ·m−2)Bending
strength/MPaTensile
strength/MPa1 50 172.5 4 46 3.95(0.20)* 44.13(0.41) 28.63(0.28) 2 50 172.5 4 46 3.64(0.34) 43.12(0.28) 28.32(0.35) 3 60 172.5 2 38 2.89(0.19) 41.26(1.07) 24.83(0.34) 4 60 180 4 36 3.11(0.16) 42.03(0.79) 25.32(0.41) 5 40 165 4 56 4.56(0.10) 38.67(1.39) 26.32(0.77) 6 50 165 2 48 3.36(0.37) 41.75(0.31) 28.13(0.49) 7 40 172.5 6 54 4.33(0.14) 37.97(0.55) 26.59(0.47) 8 50 172.5 4 46 3.87(0.34) 42.98(0.58) 28.42(0.26) 9 50 180 2 48 3.12(0.17) 40.84(0.67) 27.93(0.30) 10 50 180 6 44 3.40(0.28) 42.39(1.34) 28.21(0.32) 11 50 165 6 44 3.21(0.13) 41.77(0.31) 28.3(0.39) 12 40 172.5 2 58 4.22(0.17) 37.42(1.25) 26.51(0.74) 13 60 165 4 36 3.08(0.35) 40.91(0.48) 25.36(0.73) 14 60 172.5 6 34 3.01(0.24) 41.39(0.41) 25.67(0.73) 15 50 172.5 4 46 4.03(0.14) 44.36(0.87) 29.03(0.90) 16 40 180 4 56 4.87(0.36) 38.69(1.29) 26.89(0.47) 17 50 172.5 4 46 3.72(0.24) 43.27(1.14) 28.47(0.62) Note: *—Standard deviation.
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表 3 WF/HDPE复合材料抗冲击强度的线性回归分析结果
Table 3. Regression analysis results for impact strength of WF/HDPE composites
Source Sum of square Degree of freedom Mean square F value P value Model 5.44 9 0.6 25.31 0.0002 A-WF 4.34 1 4.34 181.49 < 0.0001 B-Temperature 0.011 1 0.011 0.44 0.5284 C-MAPE 0.016 1 0.016 0.68 0.4374 AB 0.02 1 0.02 0.82 0.3952 AC 0.000025 1 0.000025 0.00105 0.9751 BC 0.046 1 0.046 1.93 0.2069 A2 0.17 1 0.17 7.15 0.0318 B2 0.081 1 0.081 3.38 0.1086 C2 0.78 1 0.78 32.73 0.0007 Residual 0.17 7 0.024 — — Lack of fit 0.064 3 0.021 0.82 0.546 Pure error 0.1 4 0.026 — — Total 5.61 16 R2=0.9702 Radj2=0.9319 Rpre2=0.7893 Notes: F—Variance test; P—Significance test; R2—Coefficient of determination; Radj2—Adjusted determination coefficient; Rpre2—Predictive determination coefficient.
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表 4 WF/HDPE复合材料弯曲强度的线性回归分析结果
Table 4. Regression analysis results for bending strength of WF/HDPE composites
Source Sum of square Degree of freedom Mean square F value P value Model 67.45 9 7.49 22.95 0.0002 A-WF 20.61 1 20.61 63.11 < 0.0001 B-Temperature 0.09 1 0.09 0.28 0.6152 C-MAPE 0.63 1 0.63 1.94 0.2065 AB 0.3 1 0.3 0.93 0.3679 AC 0.044 1 0.044 0.14 0.7241 BC 0.59 1 0.59 1.79 0.2225 A2 33.89 1 33.89 103.8 < 0.0001 B2 1.83 1 1.83 5.61 0.0497 C2 6.32 1 6.32 19.34 0.0032 Residual 2.29 7 0.33 — — Lack of fit 0.71 3 0.24 0.6 0.6495 Pure error 1.58 4 0.39 — — Total 69.74 16 R2=0.9726 Radj2=0.9251 Rpre2=0.8023
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表 5 WF/HDPE复合材料拉伸强度的线性回归分析结果
Table 5. Regression analysis results for tensile strength of WF/HDPE composites
Source Sum of square Degree of freedom Mean square F value P value Model 29.53 9 3.28 54.38 < 0.0001 A-WF 3.29 1 3.29 54.52 0.0002 B-Temperature 0.0072 1 0.0072 0.12 0.7399 C-MAPE 0.23 1 0.23 3.89 0.0893 AB 0.093 1 0.093 1.54 0.2544 AC 0.14 1 0.14 2.39 0.1658 BC 0.003025 1 0.003025 0.05 0.8292 A2 24.7 1 24.7 409.32 < 0.0001 B2 0.14 1 0.14 2.25 0.1774 C2 0.27 1 0.27 4.43 0.0733 Residual 0.42 7 0.06 — — Lack of fit 0.11 3 0.037 0.48 0.712 Pure error 0.31 4 0.078 — — Total 29.96 16 R2=0.9859 Radj2=0.9678 Rpre2=0.9239
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