Abstract: Basalt fiber-reinforced concrete, as a new type of high-performance building material, has attracted extensive attention due to its excellent mechanical properties, high-temperature resistance, chemical corrosion resistance, and environmental-friendly characteristics. To further broaden its application scope, this paper reveals the mechanism of fiber-reinforced concrete by analyzing parameters such as the content, length, appearance morphology of basalt fibers, combined with mechanical tests, durability experiments, and microscopic characterization techniques such as electron microscopy. The results show that when basalt fibers with a diameter of 15 μm and a length of 12 mm are incorporated at a volume fraction of 0.2%~0.4%, the mechanical properties of concrete can be significantly improved, the chloride ion diffusion coefficient can be reduced by 32.2%~74%, and the number of freeze-thaw cycles can reach more than 300 times. Microscopic characterization shows that basalt fibers can form a dual action mechanism of “physical reinforcement-interface optimization” by bridging microcracks, optimizing the porosity of concrete, and the interfacial transition zone. However, current research has problems such as insufficient universality of mechanical constitutive models, bidirectional effects on durability, and lack of quantification of microscopic mechanisms. Therefore, this paper proposes that future research can focus on the collaborative optimization of multiple parameters, conduct experiments under coupled working conditions such as salt freezing, high temperature, and load, and carry out research directions such as microscopic-macroscopic cross-scale modeling. This paper not only provides a scientific basis for the performance optimization of basalt fiber-reinforced concrete in complex engineering environments but also lays a theoretical foundation for promoting the sustainable development of green building materials.