Abstract: Bone tissue engineering has emerged as a promising alternative for the repairing large-scale bone defects. Among them, animal-derived protein-based scaffolds have attracted considerable research interest owing to their excellent biocompatibility and biomimetic structures, that closely resembles the natural extracellular matrix. This review systematically summarizes the advances in animal-derived protein-based bone repair scaffolds over the past decade. It highlights the material characteristics and bone tissue engineering applications of representative proteins, such as collagen and silk fibroin. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of key functional modification strategies, including biomimetic structural design, composite fabrication, and bioactive factor loading, are critically analyzed, aiming to provide a guidance for material optimization and clinical translation. On this basis, future directions in this field are envisioned to drive animal-derived protein scaffolds from “structural biomimicry” to “intelligent biomimicry” that integrates environmental response regulation, immunomodulation, and AI-assisted design. This transition is expected to provide crucial theoretical support and practical pathways for the clinical translation of bone repair materials.