Abstract: Hydraulic concrete is susceptible to abrasion and erosion under continuous sediment-laden flow, significantly degrading the durability and service life of the structures. Especially in extreme environments, the damage type of hydraulic concrete is more complex, and more prone to erosion and abrasion damage. This paper describes the mechanism of erosion and abrasion damage of hydraulic concrete under a single type of damage, and classifies the damage mechanism based on the standard of the time limit of action; the damage mechanism is based on the superposition of short-term damage, the accumulation of long-lasting erosive action, and the interaction of short-term damage and long-lasting erosion to summarize the multiple erosion damage mechanism of hydraulic concrete. Furthermore, the paper summarizes methods to enhance the erosion resistance of hydraulic concrete materials by optimizing internal structure, improving aggregate performance, and enhancing overall toughness, in order to mitigate the decline in durability of hydraulic concrete and extend the service life of hydraulic structures. In addition, the future of research in this field by means of molecular dynamics and machine learning is foreseen.