不同种类纤维增强复合材料湿热老化性能对比

吴瑞; 李岩; 于涛

doi:10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20220916.002

不同种类纤维增强复合材料湿热老化性能对比

doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20220916.002

同济大学　航空航天与力学学院，上海 200092

基金项目: 科技部重点研发计划重点专项项目(2020 YFD1100400)；国家自然科学基金委中英牛顿高级学者(12061130201)

详细信息

通讯作者:
李岩，博士，教授，博士生导师，研究方向为纤维增强树脂基复合材料力学高性能化和耐久性　E-mail: liyan@tongji.edu.cn

中图分类号: TB332
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-06-27
- 修回日期: 2022-08-24
- 录用日期: 2022-09-13
- 网络出版日期: 2022-09-19
- 刊出日期: 2022-08-22

Comparative study on the hygrothermal durability of different fiber reinforced composites

School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China

Funds: National Key Research and Development Program (2020 YFD1100400); Royal Society-Newton Advanced Fellowship (12061130201)

摘要

摘要: 为研究碳纤维、玻璃纤维和植物纤维增强复合材料在湿热环境下的耐久性能差异，本文制备了纤维体积分数为60vol%的单向碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料(Carbon fiber reinforced polymer，CFRP)、玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料(Glass fiber reinforced polymer，GFRP)和亚麻纤维/环氧树脂复合材料(Flax fiber reinforced polymer，FFRP)，在23℃、37.8℃和60℃下进行了吸水试验，并测试了三种复合材料在厚度方向的膨胀率、拉伸性能和层间剪切性能，同时利用时温等效原理对它们的长期吸水性能及力学性能进行了预测。结果表明，三种复合材料的吸水行为在老化前期均符合Fickian扩散定律，而后期有所偏离。从吸水性能来看，FFRP具有最高的扩散系数、饱和吸水率和膨胀率。从力学性能来看，CFRP的拉伸性能随老化时间的增加几乎不变，而层间剪切强度小幅下降，烘干后其拉伸性能及层间剪切性能与未老化时相同， CFRP在老化过程中未发生不可逆变化。GFRP老化后的拉伸强度和层间剪切强度下降幅度较大，而拉伸模量下降幅度较小，烘干后拉伸性能得到部分恢复，而层间剪切强度则基本未有任何恢复，GFRP在老化过程中发生了玻璃纤维水解及界面脱粘等不可逆变化。由于吸水后亚麻纤维的塑化，FFRP的拉伸强度略微提高，而拉伸模量和层间剪切强度则急剧下降后保持稳定，烘干后，其拉伸强度反而大幅下降，拉伸模量及层间剪切强度则大幅上升，这与水分的塑化作用、纤维及基体的膨胀和降解等变化有关。由三种复合材料的长期性能预测结果可知，CFRP的长期力学性能保持率较好，GFRP的长期力学性能保持率较差，FFRP在拉伸强度保持率方面具有优势，研究结果为湿热环境下工程结构的选材和设计提供了一定的理论依据。
- 亚麻纤维 /
- 碳纤维 /
- 玻璃纤维 /
- 湿热老化 /
- 吸水性能 /
- 力学性能 /
- 长期性能预测
Abstract: Unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin composites (CFRP), glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin composites (GFRP) and flax fiber reinforced epoxy resin composites (FFRP) were manufactured with fiber volume fraction of 60vol% to compare the hygrothermal durability of composites. Water absorption tests were conducted at 23℃, 37.8℃ and 60℃. The swelling rate in the thickness direction, tensile properties and interlaminar shear properties were also monitored, and the time-temperature superposition principle was used to predict the water absorption and mechanical properties. The results show that the water absorption behaviors of three kinds of compo-sites conformed to Fickian's law in the early stage and gradually deviated in the later stage. In terms of water absorption performance, FFRP has the highest diffusion coefficient, saturation water absorption rate and swelling rate. In terms of mechanical properties, the tensile properties of CFRP are almost unchanged with the increase of aging time, while the interlaminar shear strength decreases slightly, and the tensile properties and interlaminar shear properties after drying are the same as those without aging, which indicate that no irreversible changes occurred in CFRP. The tensile strength and interlaminar shear strength of GFRP decrease a lot after aging, while the tensile modulus decrease less. The tensile properties are partially restored after drying, while the interlaminar shear strength is barely restored, which indicate that irreversible changes such as hydrolysis of glass fibers and interfacial debonding occurred during the aging process. Due to the plasticization of flax fibers after aging, the tensile strength of FFRP increase slightly while the tensile modulus and interlaminar shear strength decrease sharply and then remaine stable. After drying, the tensile strength decrease significantly, while the tensile modulus and interlaminar shear strength increase significantly, which are related to the changes of plasticization, expansion and degradation of fiber and matrix. From the long-term performance of the three kinds of composites, it can be seen that the long-term mechanical properties retention rates of CFRP are good, while that of GFRP are poor, and FFRP has an advantage in tensile strength retention rate. The results can provide a theoretical basis for the selection and design of engineering materials under hygrothermal environment.
- flax fiber /
- carbon fiber /
- glass fiber /
- hygrothermal aging /
- water absorption /
- mechanical properties /
- long-term prediction

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图 1 复合材料吸水曲线及Fickian拟合结果对比：(a) CFRP；(b) GFRP；(c) FFRP

Figure 1. Water absorption curves and Fickian fitting results of composites: (a) CFRP; (b) GFRP; (c) FFRP

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图 2 三种复合材料的吸水机制：(a) CFRP；(b) GFRP；(c) FFRP

Figure 2. Water absorption mechanism of three kinds of composites: (a) CFRP; (b) GFRP; (c) FFRP

S1-S3—Secondary layer 1-3; P—Primary layer; MFA—Microfibril angle

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图 3 三种复合材料厚度膨胀率随时间的变化曲线

Figure 3. Variation of thickness swelling rate with immersion time of three kinds of composites

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图 4 三种复合材料厚度方向膨胀率随吸水率的变化曲线

Figure 4. Variation of thickness swelling rate with moisture content of three kinds of composites

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图 5 三种复合材料拉伸性能保持率变化曲线：(a) 拉伸强度保持率；(b) 拉伸模量保持率

Figure 5. Evolution of tensile properties retention rate of three kinds of composites: (a) Tensile strength retention rate; (b) Tensile modulus retention rate

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图 6 三种复合材料老化50天再烘干前后的拉伸性能保持率：(a) 拉伸强度保持率；(b) 拉伸模量保持率

Figure 6. Tensile properties retention rate of three kinds of composites aged for 50 days and dried: (a) Tensile strength retention rate; (b) Tensile modulus retention rate

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图 7 三种复合材料拉伸试验典型的应力-应变曲线

Figure 7. Typical stress-strain curves for three kinds of composites obtained from tensile tests

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图 8 三种复合材料拉伸断面微观形貌：((a), (c), (e)) 未老化；((b), (d), (f)) 老化后

Figure 8. Microstructure of tensile failure surfaces of three kinds of composites: ((a), (c), (e)) Unaged; ((b), (d), (f)) Aged

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图 9 三种复合材料层间剪切强度保持率

Figure 9. Evolution of interlaminar shear strength retention rate of three kinds of composites

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图 10 三种复合材料老化50天再烘干前后的层间剪切性能保持率

Figure 10. Interlaminar shear strength retention rate of three kinds of composites aged for 50 days and dried

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图 11 复合材料短梁剪切试验典型的力-位移曲线

Figure 11. Typical force-displacement curves for three kinds of composites obtained from short beam shear tests

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图 12 三种复合材料对数坐标主曲线

Figure 12. Master curves in logarithmic coordinate of three kinds of composites

M_t/b_T—Water absorption after conversion; t—Aging time

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图 13 三种复合材料的平移因子${\alpha _T}$的Arrhenius拟合

Figure 13. Arrhenius fitting to shift factor ${\alpha _T}$ of three kinds of composites

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图 14 三种复合材料23℃吸水性能预测曲线

Figure 14. Prediction of water absorption curves at 23℃ of three kinds of composites

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图 15 三种复合材料力学性能预测结果：(a) 拉伸性能；(b) 层间剪切性能

Figure 15. Prediction of mechanical properties of three kinds of composites: (a) Tensile properties; (b) Interlaminar shear property

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表 1 碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料(CFRP)、玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料(GFRP)和亚麻纤维/环氧树脂复合材料(FFRP)试样铺层方案

Table 1. Stacking sequence of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) and flax fiber reinforced polymer (FFRP)

Composite specimen code	Thickness/mm
Composite specimen code	2	5
CFRP	[11 C]	[27 C]
GFRP	[14 G]	[36 G]
FFRP	[9 F]	[21 F]
Notes: C—CFRP ply; G—GFRP ply; F—FFRP ply.

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表 2 复合材料吸水性能参数

Table 2. Summary of water absorption parameters

Composite specimen code	T/℃	n	k/h⁻ⁿ	$ {M_{\text{m}}} $/%	$ {k'} $	D/(10⁻³ mm²·h⁻¹)
CFRP	23	0.438	0.029	0.649	0.013	0.301
	37.8	0.436	0.042	0.678	0.019	0.643
	60	0.454	0.054	0.782	0.033	1.365
GFRP	23	0.470	0.028	0.684	0.017	0.508
	37.8	0.439	0.041	0.739	0.022	0.665
	60	0.433	0.066	0.801	0.036	1.622
FFRP	23	0.462	0.090	12.065	0.956	4.933
	37.8	0.468	0.122	12.453	1.284	8.343
	60	0.462	0.169	12.704	1.751	14.922
Notes: T—Aging temperature; n—Parameter describing the swelling mechanism; k—Diffusion constant; M_m—Maximum moisture uptake at equilibrium state; k’—Slope of linear portion of the sorption curves; D—Diffusion coefficient of the composites.

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表 3 三种复合材料未老化及老化50天后的拉伸性能

Table 3. Tensile properties of three kinds of composites unaged and aged for 50 days

Composite specimen code	Tensile strength/MPa		Tensile modulus/GPa
Composite specimen code	0 day	50 days	0 day	50 days
CFRP	1173.33±120.55	1177.23±86.84	111.57±1.21	113.04±3.25
GFRP	814.15±23.30	633.40±20.03	39.49±2.40	37.62±1.03
FFRP	320.67±27.30	326.57±1.13	23.59±1.61	7.61±0.51

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表 4 三种复合材料未老化及老化120天后的层间剪切强度

Table 4. Interlaminar shear strength of three kinds of composites unaged and aged for 120 days

Composite specimen code	Shear strength/MPa
Composite specimen code	0 day	120 days
CFRP	45.16±1.79	39.92±1.22
GFRP	34.01±1.05	21.71±0.05
FFRP	28.76±0.79	13.41±0.23

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表 5 三种复合材料的平移因子${\alpha _T}$和垂直位移因子${b_T}$

Table 5. Summary of shift factors ${\alpha _T}$ and vertical displacement factor ${b_T}$ for three kinds of composites

Composite specimen code	Temperature T/℃	${b_T}$	${\alpha _T}$
CFRP	23	1	1
	37.8	1.04403	0.43013
	60	1.20439	0.20793
GFRP	23	1	1
	37.8	1.08002	0.64726
	60	1.51327	0.21933
FFRP	23	1	1
	37.8	1.03216	0.55304
	60	1.05296	0.27226

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