不同厚度比的SiC陶瓷-纤维增强树脂基复合材料装甲的损伤失效及其抗弹性能

陆文成; 武一丁; 余毅磊; 马铭辉; 周玄; 高光发

doi:10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20240508.003

不同厚度比的SiC陶瓷-纤维增强树脂基复合材料装甲的损伤失效及其抗弹性能

南京理工大学机械工程学院，南京 210094

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(12172179；U2341244；11472008；11802141)

详细信息

通讯作者:
高光发，博士，教授，博士生导师，研究方向为冲击动力学　E-mail: gfgao@ustc.edu.cn

中图分类号: TB332
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-03-11
- 修回日期: 2024-04-20
- 录用日期: 2024-04-25
- 网络出版日期: 2024-05-28
- 发布日期: 2024-05-08
- 刊出日期: 2024-11-26

Damage failure and ballistic performance of SiC ceramic-fiber reinforced resin-based composite armor with different thickness ratios

School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Funds: National Natural Science Foundation of China (12172179; U2341244; 11472008; 11802141)

摘要

摘要:
陶瓷-纤维复合靶板是当前轻型防护工程中常用的装甲结构。对于复合装甲的弹道性能国内外学者已经进行了大量的研究，然而对于硬质弹芯和陶瓷-纤维复合靶板作用过程中的破碎特征研究相对较少。弹芯和陶瓷材料的破碎情况对整体复合装甲的防护性能存在较明显的相关性。本文利用12.7 mm的穿甲燃烧弹正侵彻SiC陶瓷-纤维复合靶板，在保证复合靶板面密度相近的情况下，设计了3种不同厚度比的Kevlar/SiC-碳纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料(T300)-超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)复合靶板。通过观察回收的弹芯和陶瓷-纤维复合靶板的整体破坏形貌，分析了弹芯和纤维层合板的主要损伤模式。同时对回收的弹芯和陶瓷碎块进行多级筛分称重处理，得到了复合靶板在不同厚度比下弹芯和陶瓷的碎块质量分布符合幂律分布规律。实验结果表明：9 mm SiC+4 mm T300+10 mm UHMWPE的厚度组合在3种不同厚度比中的抗侵彻性能最优，将1 mm厚的SiC陶瓷替换成1 mm厚的碳纤维T300在降低质量的同时可以提高复合装甲的防护能力。复合靶板的失效破坏模式包括陶瓷在高速冲击下形成陶瓷锥和径向裂纹。UHMWPE层合板由拉伸波造成的层间分离现象，背部凸起永久塑性变形及主要为剪切力导致穿孔失效。碳纤维T300层合板损伤形式主要是剪切力导致的十字型脆性断裂，同时伴随冲塞碎块的脱落。弹芯头部主要呈现粉碎性磨蚀破碎，对于较大的弹芯碎块主要是由剪切应力和拉伸应力共同作用下的拉剪失效断裂。陶瓷-纤维复合装甲理想模型是在陶瓷后加入较高刚度的弹性材料同时背板应选择具有高抗拉强度及良好冲击韧性的材料。
- 陶瓷复合装甲 /
- SiC陶瓷 /
- 纤维复合材料 /
- 失效模式 /
- 碎块统计 /
- 12.7 mm穿甲燃烧弹
Abstract:
Ceramic-fiber composite target plates are commonly used armored structures in current lightweight protection engineering. While a substantial amount of research has been conducted by scholars worldwide on the ballistic performance of composite armor, there has been relatively little study on the fracture characteristics during the interaction process between hard core projectiles and ceramic-fiber composite target plates. The fragmentation patterns of the core and ceramic materials have a significant correlation with the protective performance of the overall composite armor. In this study, 12.7 mm armor-piercing incendiary rounds were fired to penetrate SiC ceramic-fiber composite target plates. Under similar areal density conditions of the composite target plates, three different thickness ratios of Kevlar/SiC-carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin-based composites (T300) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) composite target plates were designed. By observing the overall failure morphology of the recovered core and ceramic-fiber composite target plates, the primary damage modes of the core and fiber laminates were analyzed. Moreover, multi-stage sieving and weighing processes were performed on the recovered core and ceramic fragments to investigate the mass distribution of core and ceramics in accordance with power-law distribution under different thickness ratios. The experimental results indicate that the combination of 9 mm SiC+4 mm T300+10 mm UHMWPE exhibits optimal resistance to penetration among the three different thickness ratios tested. Replacing 1 mm thick SiC ceramic with 1 mm thick carbon fiber T300 not only reduces weight but also enhances the protective capability of the composite armor. The failure and fracture modes of the composite target plates include the formation of ceramic cones and radial cracks in ceramics under high-speed impact. The UHMWPE laminate experiences interlayer separation induced by tensile waves, permanent plastic deformation at the backside protrusion, and perforation failure primarily due to shear forces. The damage form of the carbon fiber T300 laminate mainly comprises brittle cross-shaped fractures caused by shear forces, accompanied by the detachment of impacted fragments. The head of the core predominantly exhibits crushing abrasion fractures, while larger core fragments experience combined shear and tensile stresses resulting in shear failure fractures. An ideal model for ceramic-fiber composite armor involves incorporating highly rigid elastic materials behind ceramics, while selecting backplates with high tensile strength and good impact toughness.
- ceramic composite armor /
- SiC ceramic /
- fiber composite materials /
- failure modes /
- fragment statistics /
- 12.7 mm API

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图 1 实验装置示意图

Figure 1. Diagram of the experimental setup

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图 2 陶瓷-纤维复合靶板结构示意图

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of ceramic-fiber composite target structure

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图 3 UHMWPE层合板的弹孔形貌

Figure 3. Morphologies of bullet holes in UHMWPE laminates

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图 4 UHMWPE层合板的背部凸起高度

Figure 4. Backside protrusion height of UHMWPE laminates

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图 5 不同厚度比结构下弹芯碎块的质量分布及幂指数k和平均特征尺寸λ的平均值

x—Equivalent diameter of the core fragments; M—Mass of the core fragments

Figure 5. Mass distribution of core fragments and average values of the power exponent k and mean characteristic size λ of core fragments under structures with different thickness ratios

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图 6 试验后弹芯破碎情况

Figure 6. Fragmentation status of the core after the experiment

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图 7 弹芯撞击时应力波传播的示意图

Figure 7. Schematic diagram of stress wave propagation during core impact

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图 8 弹芯断口的SEM图像

Figure 8. SEM images of the fracture surface of the core

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图 9 不同厚度比结构下陶瓷碎块的质量分布及幂指数k和平均特征尺寸λ的平均值

Figure 9. Mass distribution of ceramic fragments and average values of the power exponent k and mean characteristic size λ of ceramic fragments under structures with different thickness ratios

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图 10 陶瓷的损伤失效图

D₁—Circumferential fissure at the top of the ceramic cone; D₂—Diameter of the circumferential crack at the bottom of the ceramic cone

Figure 10. Damage and failure diagram of ceramics

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图 11 陶瓷锥的形成过程图

V—Velocity of impact of the core

Figure 11. Schematic diagram of the formation process of ceramic cones

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图 12 UHMWPE纤维层合板的失效破坏模式

D—UHMWPE boundary shrinkage distance; H—UHMWPE back bulge height

Figure 12. Failure and fracture modes of UHMWPE fiber laminates

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图 13 UHMWPE 层合板位移场

r—Length in the axial direction; w—Height in the direction of thickness

Figure 13. Displacement field of UHMWPE laminates

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图 14 T300纤维层合板的失效破坏模式

Figure 14. Failure and fracture modes of T300 fiber laminates

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表 1 T12 A和SiC主要力学性能

Table 1 Mechanical properties of T12 A and SiC

	Density/(g·cm⁻³)	Young's modulus E/GPa	Poisson's ratio γ	Static yield strength A/GPa
T12 A	7.830	197	0.30	1.65
SiC	3.196	430	0.22	–

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表 2 纤维层合板的力学性能

Table 2 Mechanical properties of fiber laminates

	Density/ (g·cm⁻³)	Young's modulus- longitudinal direction E₁₁/GPa	Young's modulus- transverse direction E₂₂/GPa	Young's modulus- normal direction E₃₃/GPa	Poisson's ratio γ₁₂/GPa	Poisson's ratio γ₁₃/GPa	Poisson's ratio γ₂₃/GPa	Shear modulus G₁₂/GPa	Shear modulus G₃₁/GPa	Shear modulus G₂₃/GPa
Carbon	1.65	33	33	6.27	0.22	0.30	0.30	8.77	6.94	6.94
UHMWPE	0.97	87.72	3.21	3.21	0.20	0.20	0.20	2.47	2.47	0.60
Note: UHMWPE—Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene.

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表 3 实验靶板设计尺寸配置

Table 3 Design size configuration of experimental backplane

Experiment number	Thickness of SiC ceramics/mm	Configuration of composite backing plate		Areal density/(kg·m⁻²)
Experiment number	Thickness of SiC ceramics/mm	Thickness of T300/mm	Thickness of UHMWPE/mm	Areal density/(kg·m⁻²)
1#	10	3	10	46.57
2#	10	3	10	46.57
3#	9	4	10	45.03
4#	9	4	10	45.03
5#	8	5	12	45.41
6#	8	5	12	45.41

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表 4 超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)层合板的侵彻深度和变形凸起高度

Table 4 Penetration depth and deformation height of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) laminates

Experiment number	Impact velocity/ (m·s⁻¹)	Penetration depth of UHMWPE/mm	Average penetration depth of UHMWPE/mm	Protrusion height of UHMWPE/mm	Average protrusion height of UHMWPE/mm
1#	477.4	7.05	12.810	53	48.5
2#	483.2	18.57	12.810	44	48.5
3#	508.8	3.23	3.955	41	44.0
4#	492.0	4.68	3.955	47	44.0
5#	491.6	19.61	16.450	41	47.5
6#	514.6	13.29	16.450	54	47.5

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表 5 多级筛分后的弹芯碎片质量

Table 5 Mass of bullet core fragments after multistage screening

Experiment number	Mass of core fragments/g
Experiment number	Total	>8 mm	4-8 mm	2-4 mm	1-2 mm	0.5-1 mm	0-0.5 mm
1#	29.85	19.20	4.54	2.45	2.14	0.86	0.66
2#	29.14	23.24	3.59	0.76	0.90	0.40	0.25
3#	30.42	16.52	8.47	2.60	1.51	0.71	0.61
4#	30.89	18.17	5.29	2.65	2.73	1.01	1.04
5#	29.61	23.95	3.34	0.76	0.85	0.41	0.30
6#	29.58	21.82	3.79	1.93	0.89	0.60	0.55

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创新点

陶瓷-纤维复合靶板是当前轻型防护工程中常用的装甲结构。对于复合装甲的弹道性能国内外学者已经进行了大量的研究，然而对于硬质弹芯和陶瓷-纤维复合靶板作用过程中的破碎特征研究相对较少。弹芯和陶瓷材料的破碎情况对整体复合装甲的防护性能存在较为明显的相关性。
本文利用12.7 mm的穿甲燃烧弹正侵彻三种不同厚度比的Kevlar/SiC-碳纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料(T300)-超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)复合靶板。通过观察回收的弹芯和陶瓷-纤维复合靶板的整体破坏形貌，分析了弹芯和纤维层合板的主要损伤模式。同时对回收的弹芯和陶瓷碎块进行多级筛分称重处理，得到了复合靶板在不同厚度比下弹芯和陶瓷的碎块质量分布符合幂律分布规律。实验结果表明9 mmSiC+4 mmT300+10 mm UHMWPE的厚度组合在三种不同厚度比中的抗侵彻性能最优，将1 mm厚的SiC陶瓷替换成1 mm厚的碳纤维T300在降低质量的同时可以提高复合装甲的防护能力。
1
弹芯和陶瓷碎块累积质量的对数与弹芯和陶瓷碎块粒径对数的拟合

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不同厚度比的SiC陶瓷-纤维增强树脂基复合材料装甲的损伤失效及其抗弹性能

通讯作者: 高光发，博士，教授，博士生导师，研究方向为冲击动力学 E-mail: gfgao@ustc.edu.cn

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Damage failure and ballistic performance of SiC ceramic-fiber reinforced resin-based composite armor with different thickness ratios

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通讯作者:
高光发，博士，教授，博士生导师，研究方向为冲击动力学　E-mail: gfgao@ustc.edu.cn