Abstract: Air pollution has become a critical factor which restricting the global economic development and threatening human health. Therefore, developing air filtration materials with “high-efficiency and low-resistance” characteristics has emerged as one of the key research hotspots. In this study, the meta-aramid (PMIA) and polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) were used as fiber-forming materials, while two-dimensional leaf-like zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-L) nanomaterials served as the additives. Through the electrospinning technology and in-situ doping method, the ZIF-L/PMIA composite nanofiber membrane with a multi-level micro-nano structure was constructed. The results showed that the addition of ZIF-L can form “bead-like” multi-level micro-nano structures on the surface of nanofibers, increasing the roughness and specific surface area of the nanofibers and thereby improving their PM filtration performance. When the addition amount of ZIF-L in the spinning solution was 5 wt%, the prepared ZIF-L/PMIA composite nanofiber membrane achieved a filtration efficiency of up to 99.6% for PM0.3 with a pressure drop of 58.1 Pa. It also exhibited excellent oily particles filtration performance and can maintain stable particle filtration performance under high air velocity and long-term operation. Meanwhile, the addition of ZIF-L endowed the nanofiber membrane with excellent dye adsorption performance. The ZIF-L/PMIA composite nanofiber membrane prepared in this study shows broad application prospects in the field of air filtration, providing valuable references for the structural design and preparation of “high-efficiency and low-resistance” nanofiber air filtration materials.