Abstract: To address the dual challenges of energy conservation in metallurgical industries and high-value utilization of solid wastes, this study developed SiO₂ aerogel/ceramic fiber composite materials. Through experimental synthesis and multi-scale characterization, the structural attributes, mechanical properties, thermal stability, and thermal conductivity of the composites were systematically investigated. Key findings demonstrate substantial performance enhancements: the modified material achieved a specific surface area of 244.083 m²·g⁻¹ and a reduced thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.02230 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹, while exhibiting an 20-fold improvement in compressive strength. A numerical heat transfer model constructed using COMSOL Multiphysics finite element analysis software elucidated the material's internal thermal transfer mechanisms, revealing optimal thickness at 12 mm and significant influence of pore size distribution randomness (Cv value) on thermal conduction efficiency. This research not only enhances the thermal insulation and mechanical performance of ceramic fiber felts but also establishes a novel methodology for converting industrial solid wastes into high-performance insulating materials. The outcomes hold substantial implications for advancing aerogel material applications in building insulation and aerospace thermal protection systems.