Abstract: In thermoplastic resin-based composites, optimizing interfacial properties is crucial for enhancing the overall characteristics of the composites. When carbon fibers (CFs) are employed as the reinforcement, combined with semi-crystalline high-performance thermoplastic resins such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyaryletherketone (PAEK), or polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) as the matrix, the induced crystallization phenomenon at the fiber/resin interface significantly impacts the interfacial properties of the composite. Taking the issue of induced crystallization in the study of high-performance thermoplastic resin-based composites as the starting point, this article comprehensively reviews the research progress in this area. The article covers the entire process from the preparation methods of induced crystallization samples to their final performance changes, analyzes the classification and influencing factors of induced crystallization, and describes several typical transcrystallinity (TC) morphologies in high-performance thermoplastic resins. Additionally, this article focuses on discussing the specific impact of TC on the interfacial properties of high-performance thermoplastic resin-based composites, and proposes the existing problems and challenges in this field.