Abstract: Basalt fiber (BF) can improve the mechanical properties, crack resistance, and durability of concrete. Given the risk of dynamic loads on concrete structures during service, it is fundamentally significant to clarify the dynamic mechanical properties of basalt fiber reinforced concrete (BFRC) for calculating and analyzing the dynamic response characteristics of corresponding structures. Therefore, to analyze the effects of BF content, BF length, and strain rate on the compressive mechanical properties and damage evolution of BFRC in this paper, the uniaxial compressive dynamic mechanical properties of BFRC were experimentally investigated by utilizing a hydraulic servo machine, combined with the digital image correlation (DIC) technology. The results indicate that at a certain strain rate, as BF content or length increase, the compressive strength and dynamic increase factor (DIF) of BFRC exhibit the pattern of initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease. The optimal mechanical properties were demonstrated when BF content is 0.2% and length is 6 mm. Among them, the effect of BF content on the compressive mechanical properties of BFRC is more significant compared to the influence of length. As the strain rate increases, the enhancement effect of BF on concrete compressive strength and DIF becomes more obvious, indicating that BF promotes the improvement of concrete dynamic mechanical properties to a certain extent. In combination with the DIC analysis, the appropriate BF content and length can effectively reduce the degree of damage at the time of concrete failure, and this reduction effect becomes more significant with increasing strain rate. In addition, through the analysis of the global strain field of BFRC under different conditions, the results indicate that BF enhances the crack resistance of concrete and improves its deformation capacity. Concurrently, based on the existing DIF model, a DIF dynamic response model suitable for BFRC is established by considering the influence of BF. The research findings provide a theoretical basis for the dynamic response analysis of BFRC structures.