Abstract: Cellulose-based hydrogels are a type of high-molecular network material formed through physical or chemical cross-linking, using natural cellulose or its derivatives as the matrix. These hydrogels integrate the renewability and biocompatibility of cellulose with the characteristic high water capacity characteristic of hydrogels. This paper provides a systematic review of cellulose dissolution systems and methods (alkali/urea, inorganic salts and ionic liquids). Based on dissolved cellulose and its derivatives, it reviews the physical and chemical preparation methods of cellulose-based hydrogels. The paper systematically summarizes the current application progress of cellulose-based hydrogels in various fields, such as biomedicine, environmental engineering and flexible electronics, highlights their good mechanical properties, excellent biocompatibility, degradability, and environmental responsiveness. The findings presented herein provide valuable insights into and references for the advancement of high-value-added bio-based materials.