Abstract: A variable curvature shell configuration was proposed to improve the buckling load of composite cylindrical shells due to the limitations of achieving generalized equivalent strength design goals. The composite variable curvature pressure hull test model was designed and prepared based on fiber winding technology. The ultimate bearing capacity of the shell was compared with that of a cylindrical shell through hydrostatic pressure testing. Based on numerical calculation methods, the progressive damage process of composite variable curvature shells was analyzed, and the ultimate bearing mechanism was explored. The research results indicate that the ultimate bearing process of composite variable curvature shells exhibits a three-stage characteristic, with structural damage and failure occurring in the post buckling stage. The post buckling bearing range of the composite variable curvature shell is slightly longer than that of the cylindrical shell, indicating that its ultimate bearing capacity is better than that of the cylindrical shell. The failure mode of composite variable curvature shells is similar to that of cylindrical shells. After the critical buckling stage occurs, the stress and displacement distribution of the shell changes. The structure first experiences matrix failure at the peaks and valleys of the buckling half wave, followed by fiber failure, and finally the shell reaches its ultimate load and fails.