Abstract: With the urgent demand for lightweight and high-performance materials used in cryogenic equipment such as aerospace propellant tanks, the application of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites in extreme low-temperature environments faces significant challenges, particularly in ensuring the stability of their mechanical performance during service. In this paper, the influence mechanism of cryogenic conditions on the matrix, fibers, and interphase of composite materials is elucidated, and the strategies are summarized to enhance the cryogenic mechanical properties of composites through resin matrix modification, optimized selection of fibers, and multi-scale interphase structures design between matrix and fibers. Performance differences among reinforcement systems such as carbon fiber, glass fiber, and basalt fiber are further compared and analyzed. Finally, future challenges including poor low-temperature toughness of resin matrices and inadequate thermal cycling performance of composites, etc. are highlighted, providing important references for the development and application of resin-based composites for cryogenic use.