Abstract: Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) is a polymeric material that combines the elasticity of rubber with the processing properties of thermoplastics. Due to its good flexibility, excellent electrical insulation properties and ease of moulding, it is widely used in fields such as electrical wires and cables, films and foamed materials. However, EVA itself is highly flammable and has poor thermal stability, which to some extent limits its further development and application. This paper reviews recent research progress on the flame retardancy of EVA using nano-flame retardants. Firstly, it summarises the chemical modification methods for nanomaterials, including coupling agent modification and polymer grafting, analysing the characteristics and scope of application of each; secondly, it summarises the main preparation techniques for nanocomposites, including intercalation/extraction, blending and in-situ polymerisation, comparing the process flows and advantages and disadvantages of different methods; It then elaborates on the flame-retardant mechanisms of nano-flame retardants, focusing on the analysis of carbonisation in the condensed phase and carbon layer reinforcement, free radical scavenging in the gas phase, and synergistic flame-retardant mechanisms between the gas and condensed phases; Finally, the flame-retardant applications and synergistic effects of nanocarbon-based materials, hydroxides, oxides and layered silicate clays in EVA are introduced by category. The optimal loading ranges, flame-retardant performance and advantages and disadvantages of various fillers are summarised, whilst the summarised, whilst the developments, such as multifunctional integration, intelligent design, green manufacturing and data-driven design, are outlined. This paper provides a theoretical reference for the functional design and innovative applications of EVA nanocomposites.