Abstract: With the rapid advancement of modern electronic technology, electromagnetic pollution and interference issues are becoming increasingly prominent. Consequently, the development of electromagnetic wave absorbing (EMWA) materials that possess both high absorption efficiency and excellent stability has emerged as a focal point in current research. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), as a novel graphene-like two-dimensional material, exhibits immense application potential in the EMWA field due to its unique layered structure and tunable electronic properties. However, the singular dielectric loss mechanism and limited impedance matching capability of pure MoS₂ restrict its absorption performance. Therefore, employing effective modification strategies to enhance the EMWA performance of MoS₂ is of paramount importance. Here, this work provides an overview of the fundamental mechanisms of EMWA and the preparation methods for MoS₂-based composite materials. Subsequently, from a material design perspective, it systematically reviews the research progress on the absorption performance of modified MoS₂-based materials, delving into the strategies and underlying mechanisms for improving absorption performance through binary magnetic modification, binary dielectric modification, and the construction of multi-component hybrid systems. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects for MoS₂‑based EMWA materials are presented, aiming to provide theoretical guidance and practical insights for the design and fabrication of a new generation of EMWA materials characterized by “strong absorption, broad bandwidth, lightweight, thin layers, and high stability.”