Abstract: This study aimed to prepare an all-solid-waste-based geopolymer grouting material (LSF) using waste limestone powder (LP), slag powder (SP), and fly ash (FA) as raw materials, along with a composite activator consisting of water glass and NaOH particles. The effects of the modulus of water glass (X₁), alkali equivalent (X₂), and limestone powder dosage (X₃) on the fluidity, setting time, and compressive strength of LSF were investigated. An interaction regression model was constructed to determine the optimal ratio for comprehensive performance. The damage mechanism of LSF was revealed using Digital Speckle Correlation Method (DSCM), and the micro-characterization and strength formation mechanism were studied through XRD, FTIR, TG, and SEM-BSE/EDS analyses.The results indicate that the relationship between the factors and response values follows a quadratic polynomial model, with regression coefficients R² exceeding 0.99, demonstrating good rationality and fitting. The three single factors significantly affect the response values, with some interactive effects also being significant. The optimal mechanical and workability properties of LSF are achieved when X₁ is 1.6, X₂ is 6%, and X₃ is 25%. LSF exhibits brittle failure with low strain-bearing capacity. Microscopic tests reveal that the LSF grouting material is primarily composed of calcium silicate hydrate (C-A-S-H) interwoven with a minor amount of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), forming a polymerized product. In the early stage of strength development, LP mainly contributes as a filler, while in the later stage, LP continuously releases Ca²⁺ under alkaline conditions, reacting with SP and FA to promote gel formation, thereby enhancing the late-stage strength of LSF.