Abstract: Cellulose-based radiative cooling materials have low preparation costs and excellent biocompatibility. They achieve zero-energy cooling through infrared radiation, demonstrating significant potential for future applications in radiative cooling. This article begins with the mechanism of radiative cooling and systematically reviews the preparation methods and performance of cellulose-based radiative cooling materials. By analyzing the micro-nano-structure-property relationships of cellulose in metamaterials, radiative cooling films, and ultrafine fibers, the article summarizes their performance and potential in building energy efficiency, personal thermal management, and agricultural protection. To address current challenges such as insufficient adaptability to complex environments, poor mechanical properties, and limited long-term stability of cellulose-based radiative cooling materials, strategies are proposed to enhance radiative cooling efficiency, dynamic thermal-hygroscopic regulation, and mechanical stability through molecular modification, micro-nano-structural design, and multi-scale functional integration. This aims to provide a reference for the research and development of cellulose-based radiative cooling materials.