Abstract: The increasing utilization of composite materials in aircraft necessitates increasingly stringent safety requirements. The hidden nature and complexity of damage to the composite make predicting failure modes and service life challenging. Consequently, real-time monitoring of structural responses, state information collection, operation evaluation, and damage and remaining life assessment are essential for ensuring the safe and stable operation of aircraft structures. This paper first provides a brief overview of the application of composite structures in typical aircraft structures and the research and application of composite structure health monitoring technology. It then delves into common structural health monitoring techniques, including the research progress of optical fiber sensing monitoring technology, ultrasonic guided wave monitoring technology, acoustic emission monitoring technology, and electromechanical impedance monitoring technology. The application of structural health monitoring technology in various spacecraft structures, such as fuel tank structures, thermal protection structures, engine structures, and wing leading edge structures, is also analyzed and discussed. The research progress of typical structural health monitoring technology evaluation methods is analyzed and summarized. Finally, the development trends and challenges of aerospace composite structure health monitoring technology are discussed and summarized.