Abstract: As the most cutting-edge, basic and influential science and technology research field, the level of scientific research development is an important symbol to measure the innovation of national science and technology. However, aerospace thermal insulation materials are the most important technical support for the development of aerospace technology, and how to prepare materials with good thermal insulation properties and mechanical strength is of great significance for the development of aerospace technology. Silicon dioxide aerogel with ultra-low thermal conductivity, high porosity, high specific surface area and ultra-low density and other excellent properties, in the deep space probe, solar panels, space shuttle engines, solid rocket boosters and return capsule base and other special engineering equipment materials have a better application prospects. In recent years, with the continuous development of silica aerogel research methods and preparation technology, by compounding it with functional materials with high strength and high temperature resistance, it can synergistically enhance its properties such as thermal insulation and mechanical strength, which is crucial for the development of aerospace special engineering materials. In view of this, this paper briefly describes the development history of silica aerogel, analyzes and summarizes in detail the research progress of aerogel composites formed by compositing silica aerogel with common oxides, fiber-reinforced and organic polymers and other reinforcing materials in the field of aerospace, and mainly comments on the preparation method, structural characteristics, heat insulation, mechanical properties, etc., and looks ahead to the problems, challenges, and future directions of the research and application of silica aerogel composites in this field.