Abstract: 3D printing is a bottom-up, layer-by-layer material additive manufacturing technique. Currently, 3D printing is evolving from prototype manufacturing towards high-performance and functionalization, placing higher demands on the control of printing materials and processes. The orderly arrangement of nanoparticles in 3D printing materials is crucial for enhancing the performance of printed components, yet effectively controlling the orientation of nanoparticles remains challenging. Incorporating physical fields (magnetic, electric, and ultrasonic fields) into the 3D printing process emerges as one of the effective strategies for precise microstructure manipulation of printed items. This approach not only endows the printed components with specific functions but also provides new insights for fabricating multi-scale and multi-responsive structured components. Therefore, physical field-assisted 3D printing has become a research hotspot in recent years. This article begins by briefly describing the types and characteristics of 3D printing technology, emphasizing the importance of physical field assistance in controlling the orientation of nanoparticles. Subsequently, it reviews and summarizes the fundamental principles, material requirements, applications, and performance of physical field-assisted 3D printing in controlling nanoparticle orientation. Finally, the problems and challenges existing in controlling the orientation of filler particles in physical field-assisted 3D printing are summarized, and its future development direction is prospected.