Abstract: With the rapid development of new energy vehicles, the traditional graphite carbon-based anodes can no longer meet the increasing demand for high performance lithium-ion battery, especially in terms of capacity. Silicon, boasting an exceptionally high theoretical capacity, serves as a promising anode material capable of significantly enhancing battery performance, showcasing tremendous development potential, where the silicon source materials, the morphology and size of the silicon particles, and the fabrication process play dominant roles on the performance of silicon-based anodes. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent research progresses on the silicon-based anode materials, with a specific emphasis on the selection of silicon source materials, silicon nanostructuring technologies, and the preparation processes. Moreover, it accentuates the challenges and existing problems associated with the different silicon sources as well as the related preparation processes for the silicon-based anode materials, which will eventually provide deep insights for the advancement of silicon-based anodes in lithium-ion battery.