Abstract: With the continuous development of society, there is an urgent need for a green composite material with environmental protection, low cost, good toughness, high strength, and high added value-functional fluorescent transparent wood composite material, to replace traditional glass doors and windows, building and home materials. Functional fluorescent transparent wood composite materials have advantages such as green, high transmittance, high strength, good toughness, excellent fluorescence effect, good UV shielding, antibacterial, and good mechanical properties, and have broad application fields. This article summarizes the luminescence principle and influencing factors of fluorescent materials, various preparation methods of wood substrates, and the application of functional fluorescent transparent wood composite materials. It also introduces the applications of functional fluorescent transparent wood composite materials in LED lamps, sensors, encryption and anti-counterfeiting, UV conversion, and formaldehyde detection. Finally, it looks forward to future application scenarios and proposes the urgent problems to be solved at present.