Abstract: By emulating the composition and structural features of the natural extracellular matrix, the design and regulation of material surface morphologies can yield novel biomimetic materials that find extensive applications in the field of biomedical science. Among these, electrospun nanofibers, by manipulating parameters like porosity, surface area, and micro/nanoarchitecture, can replicate the structure of the native extracellular matrix, thus achieving corresponding biological functionalities. This article offers an overview of various surface morphologies of electrospun fibers. It begins by outlining the principles, equipment, and parameters of electrospinning, and subsequently delves into the preparation principles and methods of four types of surface morphologies of electrospun fibers: Nanopores, crystal arrays, grooves, and wrinkled structures. It explores their applications in the biomedical field, evaluates pertinent research, and provides an up-to-date assessment of the most relevant studies in this domain.