Abstract: Currently, industrial synthetic resin adhesives, which mainly use petroleum-based chemicals as raw materials, dominate the market. However, their unsustainable development and the release of volatile organic compounds during synthesis and application lead to environmental pollution. Therefore, it is of significant research significance and development prospects to develop environmentally friendly adhesives using renewable biomass resources. However, biomass-based adhesives generally suffer from high viscosity, poor adhesive performance, low water resistance, and poor product stability, which limit their practical application. To address these issues, researchers have used physical and chemical methods to modify these adhesives, aiming to improve their bonding and usage performance. Inspired by nature, the use of biomimetic approaches to modify adhesives is one of the hotspots in research. This article reviews the research progress on biomimetic modification of soy protein adhesives, lignin adhesives, tannin adhesives, and polysaccharide adhesives, discusses the research prospects of biomimetic modification of biomass-based adhesives, and provides an outlook on their applications. These efforts aim to provide new ideas and methods for the modification and performance improvement of biomass-based adhesives and promote their large-scale application.