Abstract: Glue-free straw-based fiberboard is a biomass composite material, which is nontoxic, degradable, recyclable and renewable. As it does not consume petroleum resources, it is conducive to sustainable development, and can replace some wood used in fields such as flooring, building materials, furniture and interior decoration. However, there is a lack of research on its board making mechanism and process, resulting in a still low market share. In this paper, the self-bonding mechanism and application status of glue-free straw-based fiberboard are summarized. The technological progress of glueless straw-based fiberboard in recent years is introduced. The effects of fiber pretreatment, fiber size and process parameters (such as pressing time, pressure and temperature) on the performances of glueless straw-based fiberboard are systematically discussed. The future prospect of glueless straw-based fiberboard in optimal design, industrial production and promotion on a large scale are put forward.