Abstract: Thermal insulation of buildings plays an important role to reduce energy consumption for maintaining an optimal atmosphere inside the building. Hence, it is crucial to improve the thermal insulation performance of the building materials, especially to achieve energy savings through the reduction of energy losses for heating-cooling purposes. Therefore, the research on building materials with excellent thermal insulation properties has become one of the focuses of current thermal insulation research. Compared with traditional thermal insulation building materials, biomass-based cellulose thermal insulation aerogel has superior physical and chemical properties, such as low thermal conductivity, high specific surface area, renewable, cost-effective and environment-friendly. It is an ideal new building material for future building energy saving technology. In this paper, the preparation technology, research status, existing problems and application of biomass-based cellulose thermal insulation aerogel in building materials (roof, interior and exterior walls and glass, etc.) in recent years are reviewed. Finally, the challenges faced by biomass-based cellulose aerogel in the application of thermal insulation materials are briefly discussed, and its future development direction is prospected.