Abstract: Carbon-based conductive materials are material systems with a carbon atom as the backbone, which have excellent properties such as structural diversity, highly tunable and high chemical stability. The introduction of carbon-based conductive materials into sensing and detection analysis can improve the signal strength of the sensor and increase the stability of the sensing and detection analysis. Sensors made from carbon-based conductive materials offer higher sensitivity, lower detection limits and a wider linear range for the detection of analytes than sensors made from conventional materials. As a result, carbon-based conductive material-based detection and analysis technologies have shown great potential for application in various fields such as medical treatment, environmental monitoring and food testing. The paper presents the classes of carbon-based conductive materials in terms of dimensions and the applications of their prepared sensors in sensing and detection analysis, presents the problems and challenges of carbon-based conductive materials and their prepared sensors in the detection of analytes, and gives an outlook on the trends of future research.