Abstract: Bone defects caused by bone diseases are a very challenging issue in modern medicine. Both pathological changes in normal bone tissue and physical damage caused by external factors can lead to difficult-to-heal bone defects. The complex microenvironment of the bone defect site makes treatment conditions more demanding. Constructing scaffolds for bone defects is an important direction in bone tissue engineering technology and a crucial means to solve the problem of bone defect diseases. This article briefly introduces the preparation principles and methods of hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide (HA/GO) composite materials. HA/GO has no apparent toxicity to bone cells, and its rough surface structure is more conducive to the proliferation and differentiation of bone cells. Based on this, the construction methods and performance of HA/GO composite scaffolds for treating bone defect diseases are described in detail. Finally, the development prospects and challenges of HA/GO composite scaffolds in the treatment of bone diseases are discussed.