Abstract: The ongoing surge in demand for energy and the increasing environmental crisis makes the high-performance energy storage device become a research hotspot in recent years. Based on the power and energy density, energy storage devices can be divided into electrochemical capacitors, secondary batteries, and fuel cells, etc. Electrode materials play an important role in the preparation of energy storage with green environment protection and high performance. Nanocellulose has great application potential and development prospect in the preparation and performance improvement of energy storage materials due to their natural abundance, environmental sustainability, high specific surface area, excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility. In this paper, the classification, preparation, modification of nanocellulose and nanocellulose composites were summarized, the application and research progress of the mixing of nanocellulose with electroactive substances and the preparation of hydrogel, aerogel, paper/film composites based on nanocellulose and as carbon precursors in electrode materials were mainly introduced.