Abstract: With the continuous progress of science and technology, the rapid popularization of 5G technology and the rapid development of wearable devices, life is becoming more and more convenient. Meanwhile, electromagnetic interference poses a threat to the health of people and the operation of precision electronic devices. Nowadays, traditional electromagnetic interference shielding materials can no longer meet the daily needs of people's life, lightweight polymer-based electromagnetic interference shielding materials have attracted more and more attention. This study summarized the electromagnetic interference shielding mechanism, and the influence of polymer structures on electromagnetic interference shielding performance, reviewed the preparation methods, electromagnetic shielding properties, and related mechanisms of advanced carbon/polymer materials, metal/polymer materials, and novel MXene/polymer materials, discussed their advantages and limitations, and prospected the key challenges, potential applications and development prospects of lightweight polymer-based electromagnetic shielding materials in the future.