Abstract: The increasing scarcity of freshwater resources has become a serious global problem. In order to promote the development of interfacial photothermal steam generation systems and the application of carbon-based fibrous materials in the field of interfacial steam generation. This paper reviews the latest research progress on carbon-based fibrous materials for interfacial photothermal steam generation. Firstly, the design principle of the interfacial steam generation system is introduced, followed by the systematic analysis of the photothermal conversion mechanism and structural characteristics of different carbon-based materials, as well as the performance advantages of fibrous materials applied to steam generation. With different carbon-based fiber materials as the entry point, the preparation methods and performance advantages of carbon-based fiber materials are elaborated. Finally, the challenges faced by carbon-based fibrous materials in the field of interfacial photothermal steam generation are explored.