Abstract: For carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites (CFRP), the in-situ electron beam (E-Beam) curing meets the requirements of integrated manufacturing of shape and performance, which is low-cost according with the "carbon peak and carbon neutralization" strategy. But the E-Beam technology has not yet been industrialized due to the poor interface quality of cured components. Addressing the weak interface of E-Beam cured CFRP, the mechanism and technology of an efficient and high industrial feasibility strengthening technology by microwave short-time radiation were explored in this study. The evolution of physical morphology, roughness and chemical composition of carbon fiber surface under different microwave radiation process parameters was described, showing that the surface roughness, surface area and the O/C atomic ratio of CFs increased from 4.41 nm,7.5 nm², 0.2578 at 0 s irradiation to 21.7 nm, 26.4 nm², and 0.3278 respectively after 180 s microwave irradiation. Furthermore, a molecular dynamics model of the interface was constructed to refine and deepen the nature of the carboxyl and hydroxyl enhanced interface from the molecular level, and then their effects on the interface structure and interface energy. The experimental results show that the interfacial shear strength of carbon fiber/resin is improved by 20.47% under the combined effect of physical and chemical modification of microwave radiation (90 s). This research provides the foundation and support for green forming manufacturing of high-performance E-Beam cured CFRP, and has important scientific significance.