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无机矿物氟碳复合涂料对混凝土抗盐冻性能的影响

肖阳, 张亮, 张宿峰, 张平, 张盼盼, 刘亚州

肖阳, 张亮, 张宿峰, 等. 无机矿物氟碳复合涂料对混凝土抗盐冻性能的影响[J]. 复合材料学报, 2023, 40(5): 2988-3001. DOI: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20220809.005
引用本文: 肖阳, 张亮, 张宿峰, 等. 无机矿物氟碳复合涂料对混凝土抗盐冻性能的影响[J]. 复合材料学报, 2023, 40(5): 2988-3001. DOI: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20220809.005
XIAO Yang, ZHANG Liang, ZHANG Sufeng, et al. Influence of inorganic mineral fluorocarbon composite coating on salt freezing resistance of concrete[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, 2023, 40(5): 2988-3001. DOI: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20220809.005
Citation: XIAO Yang, ZHANG Liang, ZHANG Sufeng, et al. Influence of inorganic mineral fluorocarbon composite coating on salt freezing resistance of concrete[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, 2023, 40(5): 2988-3001. DOI: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20220809.005

无机矿物氟碳复合涂料对混凝土抗盐冻性能的影响

详细信息
    通讯作者:

    刘亚州,博士,讲师,研究方向为新型材料与结构  Email: 1217387758@qq.com

  • 中图分类号: TU528.32;TB332

Influence of inorganic mineral fluorocarbon composite coating on salt freezing resistance of concrete

  • 摘要: 通过表面疏水性能试验、力学性能试验、界面粘结性能试验和混凝土盐冻试验,研究了无机矿物对水性氟碳涂料性能的影响,研究了盐冻环境下无机矿物氟碳复合涂料附着力变化,分析了其对混凝土单位面积剥落量的影响,结合微观形貌变化和孔结构变化,分析了混凝土抗盐冻性能提升机制。结果表明:单掺硅溶胶时,氟碳复合涂料水接触角较氟碳涂料增大了10.2%,其铅笔硬度高达3 H;三掺硅溶胶、海泡石粉和铁尾矿粉时,氟碳复合涂料铅笔硬度高达3 H,其附着力增大了44.2%;复掺硅溶胶和海泡石粉时,氟碳复合涂料性能介于两者之间。盐冻环境下单掺硅溶胶氟碳复合涂料残余附着力最大。无机矿物氟碳复合涂料能显著改善混凝土抗剥蚀性能,但改善效果较氟碳涂料不显著。盐冻环境下水性氟碳涂料产生部分微孔,孔结构粗化,而单掺硅溶胶氟碳复合涂料微观结构仍较致密,其最可几孔径略有增大,涂料仅略有损伤。单掺硅溶胶氟碳复合涂料防护下混凝土微观结构更致密,其单位面积剥落量较未防护时降低幅度高达81.2%。为寒冷地区盐冻环境下混凝土防护涂料的设计提供了试验和理论依据。
    Abstract: The influences of inorganic mineral on the properties of waterborne fluorocarbon coating were studied, and the variation in adhesion of fluorocarbon composite coatings under the salt freezing environment was studied, and the influence of fluorocarbon composite coatings on the amount of spalling per unit area of concrete was analyzed, by surface hydrophobic property test, mechanical property test, interface bonding property test and salt freezing test of concrete. The improvement mechanism of salt freezing resistance of concrete was analyzed, combining the changes of microscopic appearance and pore structure. The results show that the water contact angle of the fluorocarbon composite coating with single doped silica sol increases by 10.2%, compared with fluorocarbon coating, and the pencil hardness is up to 3 H. The pencil hardness of the fluorocarbon composite coating with triple adding of silica sol, sepiolite powder and iron tailing powder is up to 3 H, and the adhesion increases by 44.2%. The properties of the fluorocarbon composite coating with double adding of silica sol and sepiolite powder lie between both coatings. The residual adhesion of the fluorocarbon composite coating with single doped silica sol is the largest. Inorganic mineral fluorocarbon composite coatings can significantly improve the exfoliation resistance of concrete, but the improvement effect is not significant compared with fluorocarbon coating. Some micropores are generated in the waterborne fluorocarbon coating under the salt freezing environment, and the pore structure is coarsened. However, the microstructure of the fluorocarbon composite coating with single doped silica sol is still denser, and the most probable pore diameter increases slightly, and the coating is only slightly damaged. The microstructure of concrete under the protection of the fluorocarbon composite coating with single doped silica sol is denser, and the spalling amount per unit area decreases by 81.2%, compared with that without protection. Research results provide experimental and theoretical bases for the design of concrete protective coating under the salt freezing environment in cold areas.
  • 复合材料以其比重小、比强度和比模量高等特点,在航空航天领域被广泛应用[1],常见于飞机机翼、尾翼和机身的加筋壁板结构。在压缩、剪切等面内载荷作用下,加筋板结构最常见的失效模式就是失稳(或称屈曲)[2]

    求解加筋板的屈曲问题常采用数值方法,大多通过ABAQUS、ANSYS等商业有限元软件对加筋板屈曲和后屈曲问题进行分析[3-7]。邵青等[8]讨论了侧边边界条件对轴压复合材料加筋板屈曲和后屈曲性能的影响。孙中雷等[9]指出在截面积相等的前提下,帽形加筋板比T型、工字型加筋板的屈曲载荷更高。相对于数值方法,工程简化分析方法求解速度更快,可通过设计手册/指南查取相应计算公式、设计曲线和修正系数,从而对加筋板的屈曲载荷进行快速估算[10-12],但计算精度不高,很大程度上依赖设计经验。Mo等[13]和葛东云等[14]在工程简化分析方法中考虑了蒙皮厚度、加筋板曲率和筋条间距的影响,给出了轴压复合材料帽形加筋曲板的初始屈曲修正公式。于振波[15]采用刚度等效的方法对理想边界条件下的复合材料平板压缩屈曲计算方法进行了修正。杨俊清等[16]考虑了帽形筋条底脚对蒙皮的支撑作用,研究了多种边界条件下按不同的厚度折算方式时工程简化分析方法对复合材料帽形加筋壁板轴压屈曲分析的适用性。汪厚冰等[17]采用几种工程分析方法对轴压复合材料帽形加筋板进行了屈曲载荷计算,通过与试验结果对比研究,得到一种简单有效的复合材料帽形加筋板轴压屈曲载荷计算方法。陈金睿等[18]考虑了筋条下缘条对蒙皮板元宽度的影响,利用加筋板横截面特性提出了一种里兹能量法的改进计算方法。

    综上所述,目前对于复合材料帽形加筋板初始屈曲的工程修正分析主要围绕蒙皮板元宽度、刚度修正及边界支持条件修正等方面开展研究。本文首先对典型复合材料帽形加筋板进行了轴压稳定性试验,然后基于加筋板的弯曲刚度比提出了一种复合材料帽形加筋板蒙皮局部屈曲工程修正计算方法。该方法通过选择合适的蒙皮板元宽度及考虑帽形筋条下缘条的蒙皮板元刚度等效处理方法,采用加筋板的弯曲刚度比对等效蒙皮板元的工程简支解和固支解进行线性修正。随后采用有限元方法及本文修正方法对两类带筋条下缘条的帽形加筋板进行了对比分析,采用有限元方法、工程简化分析方法、能量法及本文修正方法对公开文献中的带横框帽形加筋板试验数据进行了对比分析,验证了本文方法的合理性和有效性,其结果满足工程精度要求,为复合材料帽形加筋板的结构设计与分析提供了一种新的快速分析思路。

    试件为带两根横框的五筋条复合材料帽形加筋板结构,加筋板采用X850碳纤维增韧树脂预浸料,筋条与蒙皮共胶接。横框为2024-T42铝合金结构,由L形型材和槽形型材连接而成且在帽形筋条交叉处打孔以保证帽形筋条连续。筋条铺层[45/0/0/−45/90]s,蒙皮铺层[45/−45/−45/90/45/0]s,定义铺层0°方向为筋条轴向,单层厚度0.185 mm。试件材料属性见表1。试件共两件,两端做灌胶处理,如图1所示。其中1#试件加筋板长度1005 mm (单侧灌胶端长度50 mm),宽度955 mm,两横框间距为626 mm,筋条间距为210 mm;2#试件加筋板尺寸长度890 mm (单侧灌胶端长度60 mm),宽度1155 mm,两横框间距为554 mm,筋条间距为260 mm。筋条截面尺寸参数见图2

    表  1  单层材料参数
    Table  1.  Lamina material parameters
    MaterialE11/GPaE22/GPaG12/GPaν12
    X850162.09.14.60.331
    Notes:E11—Elastic modulus in fiber direction; E22—Elastic modulus transverse fiber direction; ν12—Poisson’s ratio; G12—Shear modulus.
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格
    图  1  复合材料帽形加筋板试件示意图
    Figure  1.  Sketch of hat-stiffened composite panel specimens
    图  2  帽形筋条截面尺寸参数
    Figure  2.  Sectional dimensions of hat stiffener
    R—Radius

    轴向压缩试验在2000 kN油压四柱拉压试验机(LY2000,长春新实验机有限责任公司)上进行。试验机加载构件与压缩夹具上部相连。试样放置在夹具中间,调整夹具前后位置,以调整试验机加载中心。为确保试验件承受沿筋条方向的纯压载荷,并保证失稳前对中度,将试验件垂直放置在试验机支持平台上,横框的左右两侧通过螺栓连接到搭接板上,搭接板可随试验件压缩在滑轨中上下移动,以模拟横框的面外扭转约束,支持与加载方式如图3所示。调正压心后,由试验机的上平台施加轴向压缩载荷,载荷合力作用点(试验机加载中心)与加筋板截面压心一致。

    图  3  复合材料帽形加筋板轴压试验照片
    Figure  3.  Photo of test of hat-stiffened composite panel under axial compression

    加筋板应变片位置如图4所示,图中L表示两横框间距,L1L2分别表示灌胶端边缘到横框底边的距离。应变片按图4中位置从上到下、从左到右依次编号,编号共7位编码:第一位为试件编号,“1”为1#试件,“2”为2#试件;第二位表示零件类型,“1”为蒙皮,“2”为筋条,“3”为横框;第三位表示行数,从上到下蒙皮共5行、筋条共5行、横框共2行,分别计数;第四位表示列数,从左到右内侧蒙皮(有筋条一侧)共4列、外侧蒙皮(无筋条一侧)共9列、筋条共5列、横框共4列,分开计数;第五位表示应变片位于加筋板外侧或内侧,“1”为外侧,“2”为内侧;第六位表示应变片在筋条上的位置,如图4(c)所示;第七位为应变片方向,“1”、“2”、“3”分别为0°、45°、90°方向,其中0°方向为筋条轴线方向。编码方法如表2所示。

    图  4  试件贴片示意图
    Figure  4.  Sketch of strain gauge
    L—Distance between two horizontal frames; L1, L2—Distance between the edge of the glue filling end and the bottom edge of the transverse frame
    表  2  应变片编码方法
    Table  2.  Coding method of strain gauge
    Coding locationCoding meaningCoding method
    First numberSpecimen number1—Specimen 1#; 2—Specimen 2#
    Second numberPart type1—Skin; 2—Stiffener
    Third numberRow number of strain gauge5 rows on skin, 5 rows on stiffeners, 2 rows on 2 frames, counting from up to down respectively
    Fourth numberColumn number of strain gauge4 columns on inner skin, 9 columns on outer skin, 5 columns on 5 stiffeners, 4 columns on frame, counting from left to right respectively
    Fifth numberStrain gauge on inner skin or outer skin1—Outer skin; 2—Inner skin
    Sixth numberStrain gauge location on stiffener1—Crown; 2—Left web; 3—Right web; 4—Left bottom flange; 5—Right bottom flange
    Seventh numberStrain gauge direction1—0° direction; 2—45° direction; 3—90° direction
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    1#试件加载到315 kN蒙皮开始屈曲(图5(a)),2#试件加载到185 kN蒙皮开始屈曲(图5(b)),此时蒙皮载荷应变曲线的斜率出现反号,筋条的载荷应变曲线斜率发生变化。

    图  5  复合材料帽形加筋板试件载荷-应变曲线
    Figure  5.  Load-strain curves of hat-stiffened composite panel specimens

    采用ABAQUS软件对上述试验进行线性特征值屈曲分析。单元类型采用四节点常规壳减缩积分(S4R)单元,网格尺寸经收敛性分析[18]取为10 mm×10 mm。为模拟两端灌胶区,边界条件一端固支,另一端只释放轴压方向的自由度,并施加单位压缩载荷。试验件网格划分及一阶屈曲模态见图6 (以1#试件为例)。计算得到1#试件屈曲载荷286.9 kN,2#试件屈曲载荷164.6 kN,与试验值误差分别为−8.9%和−11.0% (误差正值表示计算值大于试验值,误差负值表示计算值小于试验值,下同),表明该有限元建模方法较准确,结果可信。

    图  6  复合材料帽形加筋板有限元(FEM)网格及屈曲模态(以1#试件为例)
    Figure  6.  Mesh and buckling mode of finite element model (FEM) of hat-stiffened composite panel (Specimen 1# for example)

    由于复合材料加筋板筋条间蒙皮局部屈曲是最常见的屈曲模式,因此仅讨论该屈曲模式下的加筋板屈曲载荷计算。在工程简化分析方法中,复合材料帽形加筋板筋条间蒙皮局部屈曲分析可简化为侧边简支或固支的各向异性平板屈曲分析,其中板宽为b,一般取相邻帽腰之间的距离或者下缘条自由边缘之间的距离;板长为a,取加筋板两个横框之间的距离。加载边边界条件视加持情况取为简支或者固支。以加载边简支为例[12],四边简支正交各向异性矩形层压平板的屈曲载荷计算公式为

    Nx=π2D22b2[D11D22(ba)2m2+2(D12+2D66D22)+(ab)21m2] (1)

    式中:Nx为单位长度的轴压屈曲载荷;m为沿板方向的屈曲半波数;D11D12D22D66为蒙皮弯曲刚度系数,下同。计算时取m为1,2,3···,计算相应的一组Nx,其中最小的Nx即为板的屈曲载荷Nxcr

    两加载边简支、两侧边固支的正交各向异性矩形层压平板屈曲载荷计算公式为

    Nxcr=π2D11D22b2[K2.40(1D12+2D66D11D22)] (2)

    式中,K为压缩屈曲系数,按正交各向异性矩形平板的轴压K-λ曲线(图7)查取,其中λ=(a/b)4D22/D11。加载边固支的计算公式详见文献[12],此处不再赘述。

    图  7  正交各向异性矩形平板的轴压K-λ曲线
    Figure  7.  Axial compression K-λ curves of orthotropic rectangular plates

    由于筋条对于蒙皮的实际支持不能简单地简化为简支或者固支,这种支持的强弱可以通过加筋板筋条与蒙皮的面内刚度、扭转刚度、弯曲刚度的比值反映[18]。由于筋条的面内刚度、扭转刚度、弯曲刚度具有一定相关性,为简化计算量,仅采用弯曲刚度比对工程简化分析进行修正。该方法计算步骤如下:

    (1) 根据工程简化分析方法,将加筋板的屈曲计算简化为加载边简支或者固支的蒙皮板元的屈曲计算。其中板宽为b,取相邻帽腰之间的距离;板长为a,取加筋板两个横框之间的距离。

    (2) 采用工程简化分析方法的平板屈曲公式分别计算蒙皮板元侧边简支的屈曲载荷NSSxcr和侧边固支的屈曲载荷NCCxcr。考虑筋条下缘条对蒙皮刚度的加强作用,根据刚度叠加原则,等效后的蒙皮板元的弯曲刚度为b {\boldsymbol{D}} + 2{b_{{\text{bf}}}} {\boldsymbol{D}}_{\text{f}}^{},经简化后采用下式对蒙皮板元的弯曲刚度系数进行等效处理:

    {\boldsymbol{D}}_{\text{R}}^{} = {\boldsymbol{D}}_{}^{} + {\boldsymbol{D}}_{\text{f}}^{}\frac{{2{b_{{\text{bf}}}}}}{b} (3)

    式中:{{\boldsymbol{D}}_{\text{R}}}为蒙皮板元的修正弯曲刚度系数矩阵;{\boldsymbol{D}}为未修正的蒙皮板元弯曲刚度系数矩阵;{\boldsymbol{D}}{}_{\text{f}}为筋条下缘条的弯曲刚度系数矩阵;bbf为筋条下缘条宽度;b为蒙皮板元宽度。

    (3) 基于加筋板的弯曲刚度比对侧边简支解和侧边固支解进行修正,修正公式如下:

    {N_{{\text{cr}}}} = N_{x{\text{cr}}}^{{\text{SS}}} + (N_{x{\text{cr}}}^{{\text{CC}}} - N_{x{\text{cr}}}^{{\text{SS}}})\frac{{(D - 3)}}{3} (4)

    式中,D为加筋板的弯曲刚度比,即加筋板n根筋条的弯曲刚度之和与蒙皮的弯曲刚度的比值。加筋板截面的中性轴位置及筋条/蒙皮的弯曲刚度采用文献[2]中方法计算。将上述得到的Ncr除以蒙皮板元厚度即得到加筋板的局部屈曲应力。该方法适用于带筋条下缘条的复合材料帽形加筋板的筋间蒙皮初始屈曲分析。

    对第一节的两个帽形加筋板试验件分别采用工程简化分析方法和修正方法进行计算。横框支持简化为简支,蒙皮板元宽度选为相邻帽腰之间的距离,分别为151 mm和201 mm。采用侧边简支公式(1)计算得到屈曲载荷分别为249 kN和154 kN。采用侧边固支公式(2)计算时,λ分别为4.4和2.9,K值分别取为7.0和7.2,计算得到屈曲载荷分别为383 kN和244 kN。采用修正方法计算时首先采用式(3)将下缘条刚度与蒙皮板元刚度进行等效处理,然后采用式(1)计算得到侧边简支载荷分别为285 kN和173 kN,采用式(2)计算得到侧边固支载荷分别为447 kN和275 kN,然后计算得到加筋板弯曲刚度比分别为3.501和3.456,最后采用修正式(4)计算得到修正后的屈曲载荷,分别为312 kN和189 kN,与试验值误差分别为1.0%和2.2%,均在3%以内。详细结果见表3。可以看出,传统的工程简化分析方法计算的屈曲载荷误差较大,而采用修正方法,其计算精度明显提高。

    表  3  复合材料帽形加筋板轴压稳定性试验值与计算值对比
    Table  3.  Comparison of calculated and experimental values of local buckling load of hat-stiffened composite panel
    No.DExperimental
    buckling load /kN
    Engineering simplified
    method/kN
    Updating
    method/kN
    Error/%
    Simply
    supported
    Built-inSimply
    supported
    Built-inUpdating
    method
    1#3.501315249383312−21.021.6−1.0
    2#3.456185154244189−16.831.92.2
    Note: D—Flexural stiffness ratio.
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    以不带横框的三筋条复合材料帽形加筋板为研究对象,分别采用有限元方法、工程简化分析方法和本文修正方法进行对比分析,验证修正方法的合理性和有效性。随后引用文献试验数据,以带横框的三筋条复合材料帽形加筋板为研究对象,综合比较工程简化分析方法、能量法及本文修正方法,形成适用于帽形加筋板初步分析的工程估算方法。

    研究对象为两类含筋条下缘条的帽形筋条加筋板,如图8所示。两类加筋板的几何尺寸和材料属性如表4表5所示。表4a为加筋板长度,B为加筋板宽度,bc为筋条帽顶宽度,bw为筋条帽腰宽度,bf为筋条下缘条宽度,θ为帽腰与蒙皮夹角,bss为相邻筋条间蒙皮宽度,如图9所示。对于每一类加筋板,其几何尺寸不变,分别给定3种不同的加筋板铺层,共6种帽形加筋板,铺层顺序见表6

    有限元分析采用ABAQUS有限元软件进行线性特征值分析,模型采用四节点常规壳减缩积分(S4R)单元,并对网格尺寸进行收敛性分析[18];加筋板两侧边自由,两加载边采用参考点耦合约束,一参考点施加单位压缩载荷,另一参考点建立简支边界条件。

    图  8  两类帽形加筋板有限元模型示意图
    Figure  8.  Sketch of finite element models of two kinds of hat-stiffened panels
    表  4  三筋条帽形加筋板有限元模型几何参数
    Table  4.  Geometric parameters of finite element models of hat-stiffened panels with three stiffeners
    Typea
    /mm
    B
    /mm
    bc
    /mm
    bw
    /mm
    bf
    /mm
    θ/(°)bss
    /mm
    130027810.410.716.582.970
    259053225332560103
    Notes: a—Length of stiffened panel; B—Width of stiffened panel; bc—Width of stiffener’s crown; bw—Width of stiffener’s web; bf—Width of stiffener’s bottom flange; θ—Angle between stiffener’s web and skin; bss—Width of skin adjacent stiffener.
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格
    表  5  三筋条帽形加筋板单层材料参数
    Table  5.  Lamina material parameters of hat-stiffened panels with three stiffeners
    TypeE11/GPaE22/GPaG12/ GPa {\nu _{12}}
    1 98 10.8 5.2 0.31
    2 154 8.5 4.5 0.35
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格
    图  9  帽形加筋板截面尺寸参数示意图
    Figure  9.  Cross section of hat-stiffened panel

    图10为两类加筋板的一阶屈曲模态图。表7为分别采用有限元方法、工程简化分析方法和修正方法计算的6种加筋板的屈曲载荷。表中误差正值表示计算值大于有限元值,误差负值表示计算值小于有限元值。结果分析如下:

    (1) 6种加筋板屈曲模式均为筋条间蒙皮局部屈曲,筋条无明显扭转、弯曲变形,符合本文研究前提;

    (2) 采用工程简化分析方法,侧边简支解误差绝对值的算术平均值为48.7%,表明简支解比有限元值明显偏小。工程经验表明按简支和按固支计算的屈曲载荷相差可达一倍以上,对于帽形筋条工程上一般简化为固支[12]。因此按简支计算误差较大;

    表  6  三筋条帽形加筋板有限元模型铺层顺序及铺层厚度
    Table  6.  Stacking sequence and thickness of finite element models of hat-stiffened panels with three stiffeners
    No.SkinCrownWebFlange
    Stacking
    sequence
    Total
    thickness/
    mm
    Stacking
    sequence
    Total
    thickness/
    mm
    Stacking
    sequence
    Total
    thickness/
    mm
    Stacking
    sequence
    Total
    thickness/
    mm
    1.1[45/0/0/−45/90]s1[09/−45/452/−452]s2.8[−45/452/−452]s1[03/−45/452/
    −45/−45]s
    1.5
    1.2[45/0/−45/90/
    45/−45/0]s
    1.4[09/−45/452/−452]s2.8[−45/452/−452]s1[03/−45/452/
    −45/−45]s
    1.5
    1.3[0/90]3s1.2[45/0/90/0/−45/
    0/45/90]s
    1.5[45/0/90/0/−45/
    0/45/90]s
    1.5[45/0/90/0/−45/
    0/45/90]s
    1.5
    2.1[45/−45/−45/
    90/45/0]s
    1.2[45/0/0/−45/90]s0.9[45/0/0/−45/90]s0.9[45/0/0/−45/90]s0.9
    2.2[45/−45/902/
    45/0/90/0]s
    1.5[0/45/0/0/−45/45]s1.2[0/45/0/0/−45/45]s1.2[0/45/0/0/−45/45]s1.2
    2.3[45/−45/902/45/
    0/90/0]s
    1.5[45/0/0/−45/90]s0.9[45/0/0/−45/90]s0.9[45/0/0/−45/90]s0.9
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格
    表  7  两类帽形加筋板轴压稳定性有限元值与计算值对比
    Table  7.  Comparison of calculated and FEM values of local buckling load of two kinds of hat-stiffened composite panels
    No.DFEM
    buckling
    load/kN
    Engineering simplified method/kNUpdating method /kNError/%
    Simply supportedBuilt-inSimply
    supported
    Built-inUpdating method
    1.1
    1.2
    1.3
    2.1
    2.2
    2.3
    2.750
    4.713
    4.842
    4.014
    4.019
    3.815
    13.0
    38.5
    23.9
    26.4
    52.7
    43.2
    7.7
    15.9
    9.4
    16.0
    28.5
    23.1
    13.1
    29.0
    19.1
    24.7
    46.5
    37.7
    14.2
    38.1
    26.0
    27.9
    54.6
    41.2
    −40.8
    −58.7
    −60.7
    −39.4
    −45.9
    −46.5
    0.8
    −24.7
    −20.1
    −6.4
    −11.8
    −12.7
    9.2
    −1.0
    8.8
    5.7
    3.6
    −4.6
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格
    图  10  两类帽形加筋板的一阶屈曲模态
    Figure  10.  First order buckling modes of two kinds of hat-stiffened panels

    (3) 采用工程简化分析方法,侧边固支解误差绝对值的算术平均值为12.8%,相较于侧边简支解误差有所减小,表明将帽形筋条简化为固支有一定合理性,但是由于筋条间蒙皮间距较小,筋条下缘条对于蒙皮屈曲的加强作用较明显,而工程简化分析方法没有考虑筋条下缘条的加强作用,因此计算结果仍有一定误差;

    (4) 采用修正方法之后的屈曲载荷误差绝对值的算术平均值为5.5%,满足工程精度要求,相较于工程简化分析方法计算精度有所提高,表明修正方法合理有效。

    采用试验方法、工程简化分析方法、能量法和本文修正方法对三筋条带横框的复合材料帽形加筋板进行轴压屈曲分析,加筋板外形见图11,详细尺寸参数、铺层信息、单层材料参数及稳定性试验结果详见文献[16]。

    采用工程简化分析方法进行屈曲分析时,将加筋板简化为长度为500 mm、宽度为195 mm (帽腰之间的距离)的平板,采用式(1)计算得到侧边简支屈曲载荷143.3 kN。侧边固支屈曲载荷258 kN[16]

    采用修正方法计算得到弯曲刚度比3.641,分别采用式(1)和式(2)计算侧边简支和侧边固支屈曲载荷。计算固支载荷时λ=2.2,K值为7.2。计算得到简支载荷205.3 kN,固支载荷348.0 kN。采用式(4)计算得到修正后的屈曲载荷为235.8 kN。

    采用能量法[18]进行屈曲分析时,将加筋板简化为长度为500 mm、宽度为195 mm的平板,帽形筋条的自由截面扭转刚度为7.48×108 N·mm2,代入到能量法计算模型中得到屈曲载荷为238.2 kN,计算结果见表8。表中误差正值表示计算值大于试验值,误差负值表示计算值小于试验值。结果分析如下:

    图  11  三筋条带横框的复合材料帽形加筋板外形示意图
    Figure  11.  Sketch of composite hat-stiffened panel with three stiffeners and two frames

    (1) 对于带横框的帽形加筋板,工程简化分析方法、能量法和本文修正方法均将横框简化为简支。除工程简化分析方法简支解误差较大之外,工程简化分析方法固支解、能量法和本文修正方法计算精度满足工程要求,表明对帽形筋条简化为固支的一般工程假设是合理的,也表明对横框支持的简化是合理的;

    (2) 从计算精度角度看,修正方法计算误差3.8%,能量法计算误差2.8%,两者计算精度相当,比工程简化分析方法精度稍高。其原因在于工程简化分析方法将帽形筋条简化为固支,对于某些带下缘条的帽形加筋板计算误差较大,能量法则简化为弹性支持,修正方法则基于弯曲刚度比对简支解和固支解综合修正,是对工程简化分析方法的修正和改善;

    (3) 从时间成本上看,3种方法相比有限元方法均为快速计算方法,可编写计算程序,用时较短。

    综上所述,工程简化分析方法算法简单,依赖设计员工程经验,适用于方案阶段结构参数打样;修正方法和能量法简化方式更合理,适用范围更广,适合于初步设计阶段结构参数化分析和稳定性校核,可相互对照使用。

    表  8  带横框的三筋条帽形加筋板局部屈曲载荷计算值与试验值对比
    Table  8.  Comparison of calculated and experimental values of local buckling load of hat-stiffened panels with three stiffeners and two frames
    DExperimental
    buckling
    load/kN
    Engineering simplified method/kNEnergy method/kNUpdating method/kNError/%
    Simply supportedBuilt-inSimply supportedBuilt-inEnergy methodUpdating method
    3.641245.0143.3258238.2235.8−41.55.3−2.8−3.8
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    (1) 对典型复合材料帽形加筋板进行了轴压稳定性试验,提出了一种基于加筋板弯曲刚度比的复合材料帽形加筋板蒙皮局部屈曲工程修正计算方法,所预测的屈曲载荷与稳定性试验值误差在3%以内。

    (2) 对于带筋条下缘条的三筋条复合材料帽形加筋板,工程简化分析方法侧边简支解误差绝对值的算术平均值为48.7%,侧边固支解误差绝对值的算术平均值为12.8%,表明将帽形筋条简化为固支有一定合理性,但是由于没有考虑筋条下缘条对蒙皮的加强作用,因此计算结果仍有一定误差。修正方法误差绝对值的算术平均值为5.5%,验证了修正方法的合理性和有效性,对带筋条下缘条的复合材料帽形加筋板筋间初始屈曲载荷估算有一定的参考意义。

    (3) 对于典型的带横框三筋条帽形加筋板,修正方法计算误差3.8%,与能量法计算精度相当,比工程简化分析方法精度稍高。工程简化分析方法算法简单,依赖设计员工程经验,适用于方案阶段结构参数打样;修正方法适用于初步设计阶段结构参数化分析和稳定性评估,可与能量法相互对照使用。

  • 图  1   硅溶胶掺量对涂料性能的影响

    Figure  1.   Influence of silica sol content on coating properties

    图  2   不同硅溶胶掺量的涂料水接触角照片

    Figure  2.   Photos of water contact angle of coatings with different silica sol contents

    图  3   不同硅溶胶掺量的涂料/水泥加压板拉拔破坏情况

    Figure  3.   Drawing damage situations between cement pressurization plate and coating with different silica sol contents

    图  4   无机矿物掺加方式对涂料性能的影响

    Figure  4.   Influence of inorganic mineral adding way on coating properties

    图  5   不同无机矿物掺加方式的氟碳复合涂料水接触角照片

    Figure  5.   Photos of water contact angle of fluorocarbon composite coatings with different inorganic mineral adding ways

    图  6   不同无机矿物掺加方式的氟碳复合涂料/水泥加压板拉拔破坏情况

    Figure  6.   Drawing damage situations between cement pressurization plate and fluorocarbon composite coatings with different inorganic mineral adding ways

    图  7   盐冻前后不同无机矿物掺加方式的氟碳复合涂料附着力

    Figure  7.   Adhesion of fluorocarbon composite coatings with different inorganic mineral adding ways before and after salt freezing

    图  8   盐冻后不同混凝土/涂料体系拉拔破坏情况

    Figure  8.   Drawing damage situations between concrete and different coatings after salt freezing

    图  9   盐冻过程中不同无机矿物掺加方式的氟碳复合涂料防护下混凝土单位面积剥落量

    Figure  9.   Spalling amount per unit area of concrete protected by fluorocarbon composite coatings with different inorganic mineral adding ways during the salt freezing process

    图  10   冻融循环28次后混凝土表面形貌

    Figure  10.   Surface morphologies of concrete after 28 freeze-thaw cycles

    图  11   盐冻前后不同涂料水接触角对比

    Figure  11.   Comparison result between water contact angles of different coatings before and after salt freezing

    图  12   盐冻前后不同涂料微观形貌对比

    Figure  12.   Comparison result between microscopic appearances of different coatings before and after salt freezing

    图  13   盐冻前后不同涂料孔结构对比结果

    Figure  13.   Comparison result between pore structures of different coatings before and after salt freezing

    V—Cumulative pore volume; D—Diameter of hole

    图  14   盐冻后混凝土表面微观形貌对比结果

    Figure  14.   Comparison result between microscopic appearances of concrete surface after salt freezing

    表  1   铁尾矿粉的化学组成

    Table  1   Chemical composition of iron tailing powder wt%

    SiO2Al2O3CaOMgOFe2O3Na2OK2OTiO2
    51.7018.009.365.865.293.692.671.39
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   无机矿物氟碳复合涂料配方

    Table  2   Inorganic mineral fluorocarbon composite coating formulas

    Serial numberFluorocarbon coatingSilica solNano-SiO2 content/wt%
    F00 1 0 0
    F02 1 0.02 1
    F04 1 0.04 2
    F06 1 0.06 3
    F08 1 0.08 4
    F10 1 0.10 5
    F15 1 0.15 7.4
    F20 1 0.20 9.8
    F25 1 0.25 12.3
    F30 1 0.30 14.7
    F35 1 0.35 17.2
    F40 1 0.40 19.6
    Notes: The formula refers to the mass ratios of various materials; Nano-SiO2 content refers to the mass fraction of nano-SiO2 accounting for fluorocarbon resin in the coating.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   水泥和煤粉灰的化学组成

    Table  3   Chemical composition of cement and fly ash wt%

    CategoryCaOSiO2Al2O3MgOFe2O3K2ONa2OSO3
    Cement59.8021.35 6.802.932.551.020.183.66
    Fly ash 4.9448.2835.601.033.660.880.210.86
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4   混凝土配合比

    Table  4   Concrete mix ratio kg·m−3

    CementFly ashCoarse aggregateFine aggregateWater reducerWater
    290801 0817528.1170
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5   不同无机矿物掺加方式的氟碳复合涂料配方

    Table  5   Formulas of fluorocarbon composite coatings with different inorganic mineral adding ways

    Serial number Fluorocarbon coating Silica sol Sepiolite powder Iron tailing powder
    F 1
    FS 1 0.250
    FSS 1 0.125 0.1250
    FSSI 1 0.125 0.0625 0.0625
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2022-05-23
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