Abstract: With the booming development of the global economy, the human demand for energy is increasing, so the research and application of green thermoelectric materials is urgent.As the most abundant natural polymer in nature, cellulose has rich three-dimensional network structure and excellent thermal stability. It is one of the ideal substrates for flexible thermoelectric composite materials. The large-scale development and utilization of cellulose is in line with the concept of green and sustainable development. Cellulose-based thermoelectric composite material can fully convert the waste heat generated by human body and fossil energy into electric energy, which has the advantages of stable performance, green and environmental protection, long service life, low cost and easy processing. This paper summarizes the development status and application field of cellulose matrix composite in recent years, focusing on polymer composite, carbon matrix composite and Bi-Te alloy composite. The challenges of cellulose matrix composites and the future research trends are summarized and discussed.