Abstract: The rice straw fiber and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene(ABS) were used as the raw materials, the acticarbon, Al₂O₃, SiO₂ were used as the modifiers, respectively, the straw fiber/ABS composites were prepared via mixing molding process, The thermogravimetric-mass spectrometry combined instrument was used to compare and analyse the volatile organic compounds(VOC) release of straw fiber/ABS composites, and the effect of VOC release from composites by several different kinds of modifiers was researched. The results show that ABS and straw fibers can release CH₂O, C₂H₄O and C₃H₄O during the pyrolysis. The main source of the release of benzene and alkanes such as C₆H₆, C₇H₈ and C₈H₈ is ABS; the addition of activated carbon could significantly reduce the VOC release of straw fiber/ABS composites, and the total VOC release decreases by 55.5%. Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ can obviously reduce the release content of benzene in the straw fiber/ABS composite, the content of benzene is 32.4% and 30.9%, respectively. However, metal impurities such as Fe and Cu can catalyze the generation of aldehydes, resulting in increasing VOC emissions by 11.8% and 235.7%, respectively.