Research progress on microwave absorption stealth technology of honeycomb sandwich structure composites
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摘要: 随着探测技术的快速发展与作战性能的需求，对雷达隐身技术提出了更高的要求，蜂窝夹层结构作为经典的结构型吸波材料近年来取得了长足的发展，本文旨在综合分析和总结国内外蜂窝夹层结构复合材料在吸波隐身技术领域的特点、研究现状及应用情况，重点探讨了影响蜂窝夹层结构吸波性能的关键因素，包括吸波剂性能、蜂窝结构设计和蒙皮的透波性能等，并就吸波带宽、吸收率等关键指标分析了不同蜂窝夹层结构吸波材料的优缺点。此外，总结了蜂窝夹层结构吸波隐身复合材料目前的发展趋势，归纳了发展现状，并对未来的发展方向进行了展望。Abstract: With the rapid development of detection technology and the demand for operational performance, higher requirements have been put forward for radar stealth technology, honeycomb sandwich structure as a classical structural wave-absorbing material has made great development in recent years, this paper aims to comprehensively analyse and summarize the characteristics, research status and application of honeycomb sandwich structure composites in the field of wave-absorbing stealth technology at home and abroad. This paper focuses on the key factors affecting the wave-absorbing performance of honeycomb sandwich structures, including the performance of absorbers, the design of honeycomb structures and the wave-transparent performance of skins, etc. It also analyses the advantages and disadvantages of different honeycomb sandwich structure wave-absorbing materials with respect to the key indexes of wave-absorbing bandwidth and absorption rate. In addition, this paper summarises the current development trend of honeycomb sandwich structure wave-absorbing stealth composites, summarises the current status of development, and gives an outlook on the future development direction.
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图 2 (a) 石墨烯纳米片(GNP)包覆蜂窝(HC)材料的制备工艺流程[34]；(b) 电介质涂层的复介电常数的实部($ {\varepsilon' }$)和虚部($ {\varepsilon'' } $)及介电损耗角正切值($ \mathrm{tan}{\delta }_{\varepsilon } $)；(c) 蜂窝吸波材料(HMAMs)的有效介电常数的实部($ {\varepsilon '}_{{\mathrm{eff}}} $)和虚部($ {\varepsilon'' }_{{\mathrm{eff}}} $)及相应的介电损耗正切值($ \mathrm{tan}{\delta }_{{\mathrm{eff}}} $)；(d) 实际试验、有限元法和有效介质法得到的反射损耗(RL)曲线[35]；(e) 蜂窝芯浸渍量对吸波性能的影响；(f) 碳纤维频率选择表面(FSS)尺寸对吸波性能的影响；(g) 加入碳纤维FSS后，蜂窝芯浸渍量对吸波性能的影响[36]
Figure 2. (a) Preparation process of graphene nanosheet (GNP) coated honeycomb (HC) material[34]; (b) Real part (ε') and imaginary part (ε'') of relative complex permittivity and dielectric dissipation factor (tanδε) of the dielectric coating; (c) Real part ($ {\varepsilon' }_{{\mathrm{eff}}} $) and imaginary part ($ {\varepsilon ''}_{{\mathrm{eff}}} $) of the relative complex effective permittivity and effective dielectric dissipation factor ($ \mathrm{tan}{\delta }_{{\mathrm{eff}}} $) of the HMAMs; (d) Reflection loss (RL) curves of the HMAMs obtained by the real test, finite element and effective medium methods[35]；(e) Effect of impregnation amount of honeycomb core on absorbing performance; (f) Effect of size of carbon fiber FSS on absorbing properties; (g) Effect of impregnation amount of honeycomb core on absorbing properties after adding carbon fiber FSS[36]
WEGs—Wormlike expanded graphite; PVA—Polyvinyl-alcohol; GNP—Graphene nanoplatelet; HC—Honeycomb; PEC—Perfectly electric conducting; HMAM—Honeycomb microwave absorbing materials; FSS—Frequency selective surface; d—Coating thickness; r—Honeycomb pore radius; h—Honeycomb height; MLG—Multilayer graphene microsheets; RAM—Radar absorbing material
图 3 (a) 单层HC复合材料的RL；(b)多层HC复合材料的RL；(c) 夹层结构HC吸波材料的力学性能[37]；(d) 单层碳纳米管(CNTs)/炭黑(CB)/聚氨酯(PU) HC复合材料的RL；双层(e)和三层(f) HC复合材料的RL；双层(g)和三层(h)夹层结构HC复合材料的RL；双层(i)和三层(j)夹层结构HC复合材料的力学性能[38]
Figure 3. (a) RL of single-layer HC composites; (b) RL of multi-layer HC composites; (c) Mechanical properties of sandwich HC absorber[37]; (d) RL of single-layer carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/carbon black (CB)/polyurethane (PU) HC composites; RL of double-layer (e) and three-layer (f) HC composites; RL of double-layer (g) and three-layer (h) HC sandwich composites; Mechanical properties of double-layer (i) and three-layer (j) HC sandwich composites[38]
RGO—Reduced graphene oxide; H, h—HC; S, s—sandwich HC
图 4 (a) 梯度蜂窝雷达吸波结构(RAS)设计结果；(b) 优化后的梯度蜂窝RAS的反射率[41]；(c) 沉积电阻涂料拓扑结构的俯视图和侧视图；(d) 宽带吸收效果[42]；(e) 多层弯折线等离子结构示意图；(f) 对于垂直入射电磁波的吸波性能[43]
Figure 4. (a) Graded honeycomb radar absorbing structure (RAS) design result; (b) Reflectivity of the optimized graded honeycomb RAS[41]; (c) Top view and side view of the topological structure of the deposition resistance coating; (d) Wide-band absorption effect[42]; (e) Schematic diagram of multilayer curved line plasma structure; (f) Absorption properties for vertical incident electromagnetic waves[43]
PLA—Polylactic acid; a, l1, l2, w1, w2, s, g, ta, tb—Optimized dimensions of the structure; PMA—Perfect metamaterial absorber; d—Height; p—Length; l1, l2—Total length of meandered wire; l3—Length of straight wire
图 5 (a) 异形蜂窝结构设计模型；(b) 优化后垂直入射的反射率；(c) 优化后斜入射角的反射率[26]；(d) 连续方形格栅吸波材料(SHS)原理图；(e) 连续SHS和聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺(PMI)泡沫填充的连续SHS在不同入射角θ时的吸收光谱；(f) 测量和模拟连续SHS和PMI泡沫填充连续SHS的电磁(EM)波吸收率[44]
Figure 5. (a) Designing model for special-shaped honeycomb structure; (b) Reflectivity of perpendicularly incident angle for the optimized multi-absorbing structure; (c) Reflectivity of obliquely incident angle for the optimised multi-absorbing structure[26]; (d) Schematic diagram of interlocked squarehoneycomb structure (SHS); (e) Absorptivity spectra with different incident angle θ of interlocked SHS and polymethacrylimide (PMI) foam-filled interlocked SHS; (f) Measured and simulated EM wave absorptivity of interlocked SHS and PMI foam-filled interlocked SHS[44]
EM—Electromagnetic; CF—Carbon fiber; CFRP—Carbon fiber reinforced plastics; φ—Incident direction; h, t—Height and thickness of honeycomb walls; w, s—Width of CF wire and the spacing between two adjacent CF wires; d1, d2—Thickness of FR-4 front face sheet and CFRP composite back face sheet; l1, ln—Shortest and longest of CF wire; FR-4—Glass fiber reinforced composite
图 6 (a) 改性聚氨酯泡沫的制备流程图；(b) 空蜂窝及管状增强蜂窝芯示意图及参数；(c) 垂直极化(VV)与水平极化(HH)下的反射率曲线[46]；(d) 垂直入射波反射率；(e) 空吸波蜂窝(E-A1-1)、CFRP管(T-1)、管增强吸波蜂窝(T-A1-1)及空吸波蜂窝与CFRP管之和在单轴压缩下的应力-应变曲线[47]；(f) 两种不同孔径规格蜂窝的几何形状与设计参数；(g) 双层蜂窝结构吸波材料(THSSA)的宽带反射损耗[48]
Figure 6. (a) Flow chart of preparation of modified polyurethane foam; (b) Schematic and parameters of empty honeycomb and tube-reinforced honeycomb core; (c) Reflectance curves under vertical sending and vertical recieving (VV) polarization and horizontal sending and horizontal recieving (HH) polarization[46]; (d) Experimental results of reflectivity for vertical incident waves; (e) Nominal stress-strain curves of empty absorbent honeycomb (E-A1-1), CFRP tube (T-1), tube-reinforced absorbent honeycomb (T-A1-1) and sum of empty absorbent honeycomb and CFRP tube under uniaxial compression[47]; (f) Geometry and design parameters of two kinds of honeycomb with different aperture specifications; (g) Measured broadband reflection loss of fabricated two-layer honey-comb sandwich structure absorber (THSSA)[48]
φt—Outside diameter of CFRP tubes; Th—Wall thickness of honeycomb core; Lh—Hexagon side length; FCIP—Flaky carbonyl iron powder
图 7 (a) 镀镍玻璃纤维蜂窝吸波夹层复合材料的完整制造过程；(b) 雷达吸波蜂窝夹层复合材料回波损耗的实测与仿真结果；(c) 在VV和HH极化下，铜板和所提出结构的单稳态雷达横截面(RCS)的仿真和测量结果[49]；(d) 蜂窝状三维整体机织结构型吸波织物单胞示意图；(e) 蜂窝状三维整体机织结构型吸波复合材料的吸波损耗曲线；(f) 蜂窝状三维整体机织结构型吸波复合材料的吸波机制示意图[50]
Figure 7. (a) Complete manufacturing process of the radar-absorbing honeycomb sandwich composite with a nickel-coated glass fabric; (b) Measured return loss of the fabricated radar-absorbing honeycomb sandwich composite along with the simulation results; (c) Simulation and measurement results of the monostatic radar cross-section (RCS) for a copper plate and for the proposed structure under VV and HH polarizations[49]; (d) Cell diagram of honeycomb 3D integral woven structure microwave absorbing fabric; (e) Reflection loss curves of honeycomb 3D woven structure microwave absorbing composites; (f) Schematic diagram of microwave absorbing mechanism of honeycomb 3D integral woven structure microwave absorbing composite[50]
TE—Transverse electric; TM—Transverse magnetic; T—Temperature rate; $\vec H $—Perpendicular to glass fabric; $\vec E$—Lengthways; $\vec k $—Crosswise
图 8 (a) 吸波蜂窝复合石英/环氧蒙皮前后的反射率；(b) A型蒙皮复合吸波蜂窝结构；(c) A型蒙皮复合吸波蜂窝的反射率测试值[55]；(d) 含超材料蜂窝夹层结构吸波复合材料结构示意图；(e) 超材料单元结构示意图；(f) 含超材料单元与不含超材料单元的透波面板在1~18 GHz 频率范围内的透波率曲线；(g) 含碳纤维超材料单元与不含超材料单元的吸波蜂窝夹层结构的L波段反射率曲线[56]
Figure 8. (a) Reflectivity of absorbing honeycomb with and without quartz/epoxy skin; (b) Structure of absorbing honeycomb with A-type skin; (c) Reflectance values of absorbing honeycomb with A-type skin[55]; (d) Schematic structure of the honeycomb sandwich composite containing metamaterial; (e) Schematic diagram of metamaterial unit structure; (f) Transmittivity curves of the wave-transmitting skin with/without metamaterial units in the frequency range of 1-18 GHz; (g) Reflectivity curves of the wave-absorbing honeycomb sandwich composites with/without carbon fiber metamaterials in the L-band[56]
表 1 不同吸波剂所制备的蜂窝夹层吸波体参数
Table 1. Parameters of honeycomb sandwich absorbers prepared with different absorbers
Category Total thickness of
the absorber/mmAbsorbing
bandwidth/GHzAbsorptivity Extreme electromagnetic
loss/dBRef. PVA/GNP 32.6 8-12 ≥99% −36 [34] CB/epoxy resin 18.4 2.5-4.3; 7-18 ≥90% −25 [35] Acetylene CB/PU (Carbon fiber FSS is added
between the layers)≈10 6.8-11.5 ≥90% −14 [36] CNT/CB/RGO/PU 15 2.2-18 ≥90% −35 [37] CNTs/CB/PU 15 2.2-17.7 ≥90% −26.4 [38] 
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表 2 不同结构类型的蜂窝夹层吸波体参数
Table 2. Parameters of honeycomb sandwich absorbers with different structure types
Categories Total thickness of
the absorber/mmAbsorbing
bandwidth/GHzAbsorptivity Ref. Structural design Nested cone-shaped scattering
configuration≈6 3-4 ≥90% [26] SHS 23.2 5-20 ≥90% [44] Double-layer honeycomb 10 4.5-48 ≥90% [45] Foam-filled honeycomb 30 5-7; 8.5-11; 12-20 ≥90% [46] CFRP tube-reinforced absorbent honeycomb 20 7-18 ≥90% [47] THSSA 9 4.8-18 ≥90% [48] Improvement of
raw materialsNickel-coated glass/epoxy honeycomb 4 5.8-16.3 ≥90% [49] Honeycomb 3D integral woven structure 7.5 14.34-18 ≥90% [50] PBCs 30 2-2.5; 4.4-18 ≥90% [51] Note: PBC—Paper-based composites.
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表 3 含超材料的蜂窝夹层吸波体参数
Table 3. Parameters of honeycomb sandwich absorbers containing metamaterials
Cycle size Dielectric substrate material Total thickness of the
absorber/mmAbsorbing
bandwidth/GHzAbsorptivity Ref. 16 mm×16 mm PLA perforated dielectric made from honeycomb 5.5 5.52-16.92 ≥90% [42] 22.5 mm×15 mm FR-4 honeycomb walls 23.2 5-20 ≥90% [44] 70 mm×70 mm Wave-permeable prepreg 52 1-1.96 ≥90% [56] Thickness
10-15 μmWave-permeable prepreg 31 1.1-1.9; 4.5-18 ≥90% [57] Note: PLA—Polylactic acid.
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