Research progress of MXenes for second near-infrared window photothermal diagnosis and therpay of tumors
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摘要: 由近红外二区(NIR-II，1000-1350 nm)光触发光热剂进行光热治疗是一种新兴的肿瘤治疗方式，具有良好的应用前景。过渡金属碳化物、氮化物或碳氮化合物(MXenes)具有超薄层状结构、独特的电子性质、比表面积大、光热转换效率高、良好的亲水性以及易于表面功能化等优点，可作为一类具有优良性质的光热剂应用于NIR-Ⅱ 区肿瘤光热治疗。本文介绍了NIR-II区光热治疗的优势，概括了MXenes的光热性能和MXenes胶体溶液稳定性，重点总结了MXenes在NIR-Ⅱ区肿瘤光热诊疗的研究进展，并阐述了该领域未来发展所面临的挑战和机遇。Abstract: Photothermal tumor therapy with second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000-1350 nm) phototriggered photothermal agents is a promising emerging method of tumor therapy. Transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitridges compounds (MXenes) have advantages such as ultra-thin layered structure, unique electronic properties, large specific surface area, high photothermal conversion efficiency, good hydrophilicity, and easy surface functionalization, making them suitable as photothermal agents for tumor photothermal therapy. This review introduces the advantages of NIR-Ⅱ photothermal therapy, summarizes the photothermal performance of MXenes and the stability of MXenes colloidal solution. At the same time, the research progress of MXenes in NIR-Ⅱ tumor photothermal therapy was discussed, and the challenges and opportunities faced in the future development of this field were elaborated.
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Key words:
- MXenes /
- tumor /
- photothermal diagnosis and therapy /
- NIR-II /
- combined therapy
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图 1 MXenes用于NIR-Ⅱ区肿瘤光热诊疗的研究进展示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of research progress of MXenes for second near-infrared window photothermal diagnosis and therapy of tumors
图 3 光热转换机制。(a) MXenes的紫外-可见-近红外吸收图[25]. (b)常见2D无机纳米材料的光热性能参数，包括消光系数(ε)和光热转换效率(η)[32]；(c)电磁干扰屏蔽机制示意图[38]；(d) 2D金属材料和半导体材料的光热转换机制示意图[14]。
Figure 3. Photothermal conversion mechanism. (a) UV-vis-NIR optical extinction properties of MXenes[25]. (b) The photothermal performance parameters of various 2D inorganic nanomaterials, including mass extinction coefficient (ε) and photothermal conversion efficiency (η) [26]; (c) Schematic diagram of electromagnetic interference shielding mechanism [38] ; (d) Typical photothermal conversion mechanisms of 2D metallic materials and 2D semiconductors[14].
图 5 (a) Nb2C-PVP用于NIR-I和NIR-II区肿瘤PTT示意图[27]；(b) W1.33C-BSA诊疗示意图[31]；(c) Fe3O4/MnOx-Nb2C制备及用于肿瘤诊疗示意图[59]；(d) V2C-TAT@Ex-RGD制备及双重靶向PTT诊疗示意图[30]。
Figure 5. (a) Schematic illustration of Nb2C-PVP for in vivo photothermal tumor ablation in NIR-I and NIR-II biowindows[27]; (b) Schematic illustration of 2D W1.33C-BSA for multimodal-imaging-guidedcancer treatment[31]; (c) Schematic illustration of the synthetic process of Fe3O4/MnOx–Nb2C–SP for in vivo imaging-guided photothermal ablation of breast cancer[59]; (d) Schematic diagram of the synthetic process of V2C-TAT@Ex-RGD for in vivo dual-target PTT diagnosis and treatment[30].
图 6 (a) CTAC@Nb2C-MSN制备过程示意图[63]；(b) Nb2C-Pt-DOX@M体内治疗机制示意图[65]；(c) 3-BP@MCG PTT/CDT体内治疗机制示意图[8];(d) AIPH@Nb2C@mSiO2治疗机制示意图[72]；(e) Nb2C–MSNs–SNO体内治疗机制示意图[74]。
Figure 6. (a) The schematic diagram of the synthetic process of CTAC@Nb2C-MSN[63]; (b) The schematic diagram of treatment mechanism of Nb2C-Pt-DOX@M in vivo[65]; (c) The schematic diagram of treatment mechanism of 3-BP@MCG NSs PTT/CDT in vivo in vivo[8]; (d) The schematic diagram of treatment mechanism of AIPH@Nb2C@mSiO2[72]; (e) The schematic diagram of treatment mechanism of Nb2C–MSNs–SNO in vivo[74].
表 1 MXenes在NIR-Ⅱ PTT中的应用
Table 1. Application of MXenes in NIR-Ⅱ PTT
MAX Materials Therapeutic modes Power (W/cm2) PTCE (%) Ref. Ti3AlC2 Ti3C2@Au PTT/RT/CTI/PAI 0.75 39.60 [75] Ti3C2-Cu-PEG PTT/PDT/CDT 1.0 47.84 [70] Ti3C2Tx-Pt-PEG PTT/CDT/PAI 0.75 31.78 [68] Ti3C2@TiO2-x-PEG PTT/SDT/PAI 0.80 35.80 [76] Ti3C2/CA4@PLEL PTT/CHT 1.0 41.40 [77] HH-Ti3C2-PEG PTT/SDT/PAI 1.0 49.60 [78] Ti3C2/TiO2-PVP HJs PTT/PDT 0.6 44.98 [9] 3-BP@Ti3C2/Cu2O/GOX PTT/CDT/PAI 1.0 53.39 [8] CD@Ti3C2Tx HJs PTT/SDT 1.0 64.50 [79] Nb2AlC Nb2C-PVP PTT/PAI 0.8 46.65 [27] Nb2C-Ox-PVP PTT/SDT 1.0 - [73] PVP/Nb2C MNs PTT 1.0 32.89 [62] Nb2C/zein PTT 1.0 - [61] CTAC@Nb2C-MSN-PEG-RGD PTT/CHT/PAI 1.5 28.60 [63] Nb2C@PDA-R837@RBC PTT/IT 1.5 27.60 [28] Nb2C-MSNs-SNO PTT/GT/PAI 1.0 39.09 [74] NPD@M(Nb2C) PTT/CDT/CHT 0.5 51.00 [65] Nb2C/Au/anti-TNFα-PVP PTT 0.75 - [80] Fe3O4/MnOx-Nb2C-SP PTT/MRI 1.5 30.90 [59] AIPH@Nb2C@Si PTT/TDT/PAI 1.0 27.03 [72] Nb2C-IO-CaO2-PVP PTT/ CDT 1.0 45.65 [64] Mo2Ga2C Mo2C-PVA PTT 1.0 43.30 [29] (W2/3Y1/3)2AlC W1.33C-BSA PTT/CHT /PTI/PAI/FLI 1.25 49.30 [31] Ti3AlCN Ti3CN-BSA PTT 1.0 32.10 [58] V2AlC V2C-TAT@Ex-RGD(QDs) PTT/PAI/MRI 0.96 45.05 [30] Ti2AlN Ti2N-SP(QDs) PTT/PAI 1.0 45.51 [60] Notes: CA4,Combretastatin A4; PLEL, poly(D,L-lactide)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(D,L-lactide); HJs, Heterojunctions; Gox, Glucose Oxidase; CDs, Carbon Dots;Nb2C-Ox,in-situ self-oxidized Nb2C MXenes; MNs, Microneedles; CTAC, Cetanecyltrimethylammonium chloride; RGD, Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic; MSN, Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles; PDA, polydopamine; RBC, Red Blood Cell; RSNO, S-nitrosothiol; NPD@M, biomimetic photoinduced plasmonic assembly; TNF-α,tumor necrosis factor-α; PVP, Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone; SP, Soybean phospholipid;AIPH,2,2′-azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane] dihydrochloride; IO, Iron Oxide; PVA, Polyvinyl Alcohol; BSA, Bovine Serum Albumin; Ex, Engineered exosomes; TAT, TAT peptides; QDs, Quantum Dots.
PTT, Photothermal therapy; PDT, Photodynamic therapy; CDT, Chemodynamic therapy; SDT, Sonodynamic therapy; CHT, Chemotherapy; IT, Immunotherapy; TDT, Thermodynamic therapy; RT, Radio Therapy; GT, Gas therapy; PAI, Photoacoustic Imaging; CTI, Computed tomography imaging; PTI, Photothermal imaging; FLI, Fluorescence imaging; MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging.
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