Preparation and microwave absorbing properties of 2.5D woven SiCf/SiC composites
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摘要: 为满足高温吸波结构复合材料要求，选用SiC纤维，设计并制备了2.5D机织SiCf/SiC复合材料，采用实验与仿真相结合的方法研究了吸波性能。利用弓形法开展了反射损耗测试，采用X射线计算机断层扫描(Micro-CT)技术提取材料几何结构参数，建立了全厚度细观模型，在CST电磁仿真软件上模拟计算了材料的反射损耗，并与实验结果进行对比分析。通过等效电磁参数理论和场分布图分析了吸波机制，并研究了几何结构参数、电磁参数、电磁波电场极化方向和入射角度对材料吸波特性的影响规律。实验结果表明，在1-18 GHz频率范围内，本文所制备的2.5D机织SiCf/SiC复合材料具有3 GHz的有效吸波带宽，在吸收峰9.3 GHz处，最大反射损耗达到−17 dB，这与仿真结果基本一致。该复合材料主要通过电损耗的方式吸收电磁波，其良好的吸波性能是结构设计和材料特性协同作用的结果，材料整体厚度和纤维介电常数是影响2.5D机织SiCf/SiC复合材料吸波性能的关键因素。Abstract: 2.5D woven SiCf/SiC composites were designed and prepared to meet the requirements of high temperature microwave absorbing structural composites, and the microwave absorbing properties were studied by combining experiment and simulation. The reflection loss of the material was measured by means of the bow method, and the geometrical parameters of the material were extracted by X-ray computed tomography (Micro-CT) to establish a full-thickness mesoscopic model. The reflection loss of the material was simulated and calculated on the CST electromagnetic simulation software, and compared with the experiment results. Based on the theory of equivalent electromagnetic parameters and field distribution map, the microwave-absorbing mechanism is analyzed, and the effects of geometric structure parameters, electromagnetic parameters, electromagnetic field polarization direction and incidence angle on the microwave-absorbing property of materials are studied.The experimental results show that the 2.5D woven SiCf/SiC composites prepared in this paper have an effective absorption bandwidth of 3 GHz in the frequency range of 1-18 GHz, and the maximum reflection loss reaches −17 dB at the absorption peak of 9.3 GHz, which is basically consistent with the simulation results.The composite absorbs electromagnetic microwave mainly through the way of electrical loss, and its good microwave absorption performance is the result of the synergistic effect of structural design and material characteristics. The overall material thickness and fiber dielectric constant are the key factors affecting the microwave absorption performance of 2.5D woven SiCf/SiC composites.
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图 1 先驱体浸渍裂解(PIP)法制备2.5D机织SiCf/SiC复合材料工艺流程图
Figure 1. Process flow chart of 2.5D woven SiCf/SiC composites prepared by precursor dip cleavage (PIP)
图 2 (a)SiC纤维预制体；(b)带BN界面层的SiC纤维预制体；(c) 2.5D机织SiCf/SiC复合材料粗坯；(d) 2.5D机织SiCf/SiC复合材料样件
Figure 2. (a) SiC fiber preform; (b) SiC fiber preform with BN interface layer; (c) Rough blank of 2.5D woven SiCf/SiC Composites; (d) Sample of 2.5D woven SiCf/SiC Composites
图 3 弓形法测2.5D机织SiCf/SiC复合材料反射损耗系统示意图
Figure 3. System schematic diagram of measuring reflection loss of 2.5D woven SiCf/SiC composites by bow method
图 4 2.5D机织SiCf/SiC复合材料的Micro-CT扫描结果: (a)经向截面扫描形态; (b)纬向截面扫描形态; (c)椭圆截面几何参数; (d)扁六边形截面几何参数
Figure 4. Micro CT scanning results of 2.5D woven SiCf/SiC composites:(a) Scanning morphology of warp cross-section; (b) Scanning morphology of weft cross-section; (c) Geometric parameters of ellipse cross-section; (d) Geometric parameters of flat hexagonal cross-section
图 5 2.5D机织SiCf/SiC复合材料模型：(a)以椭圆为纱线截面；(b)以扁六边形为纱线截面
Figure 5. 2.5D woven SiCf/SiC composites model: (a) the cross-section of yarn is ellipse; (b) the cross-section of yarn is flat hexagonal
图 7 2.5D机织SiCf/SiC复合材料反射损耗的仿真结果与实验结果对比
Figure 7. Comparison between simulation results and experimental results of reflection loss of 2.5D woven SiCf/SiC composites model
图 8 2.5D机织SiCf/SiC复合材料的等效电磁参数曲线
Figure 8. Curve of equivalent electromagnetic parameters of 2.5D woven SiCf/SiC composites
图 9 2.5D机织SiCf/SiC复合材料的场分布图：(a)电场分布图；(b)磁场分布图；(c)表面电流密度分布图；(d)能量损耗密度分布图
Figure 9. Field distribution map of 2.5D woven SiCf/SiC composites:(a)E-Field distribution map;(b)H-Field distribution map;(c)Current density distribution map;(d)Power loss density distribution map
图 10 2.5D机织SiCf/SiC复合材料的吸波机制示意图
Figure 10. Schematic diagram of microwave absorbing mechanism of 2.5D woven SiCf/SiC composites
图 11 材料几何特性对2.5D机织SiCf/SiC复合材料吸波性能的影响：(a)厚度；(b)纬密；(c)纤维层数
Figure 11. The influence of geometric properties of materials on microwave absorbing properties of 2.5D woven SiCf/SiC composites; (a) thickness;(b) weft density ; (c) number of fiber layers
图 12 (a)纤维介电常数实部对吸波性能的影响；(b)纤维介电损耗角正切对吸波性能的影响；(c)材料厚度为3 mm时纤维混杂层数对吸波性能的影响；(d)材料厚度为6 mm时纤维混杂层数对吸波性能的影响
Figure 12. (a) The influence of the fiber real part of permittivity on the absorption performance; (b) The influence of fiber dielectric loss Angle tangent on the absorption performance; (c) The influence of fiber hybrid layers on the absorption properties when the material thickness is 3 mm; (d) The influence of fiber hybrid layers on the absorption properties of 6 mm material thickness
图 13 极化角度(a)和入射角度(b)对2.5D机织SiCf/SiC复合材料吸波性能的影响
Figure 13. The influence of polarization Angle (a) and incidence Angle (b) on the microwave absorption properties of 2.5D woven SiCf/SiC composites
表 1 2.5D机织SiCf/SiC复合材料规格参数
Table 1. Specification parameters of 2.5D woven SiCf/SiC composites
Prefabricated structure dimension/
mmWarp density/
(yarn·cm−1)Weft density/
(yarn·cm−1)Yarn fineness/Tex Number of
layersVolume
fraction/%2.5D woven Angle interlock 40*40*3 9 3.5 185 8 45 
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