面向飞机蒙皮的碳纤维预浸料吸波承载一体化层合结构设计

纪正江; 董佳晨; 梁良; 程琳豪; 闫雷雷; 郑锡涛

面向飞机蒙皮的碳纤维预浸料吸波承载一体化层合结构设计

西北工业大学　航空学院飞行器复合材料结构研究所, 西安 710072

基金项目: 中央高校基本科研业务费(D5000220029)；航空科学基金(201909053001)；陕西省重点实验室开放基金(AFMD-KFJJ-21212)

详细信息

通讯作者:
闫雷雷，博士，副教授，博士生导师，研究方向为多功能复合材料　E-mail: yanleilei@nwpu.edu.cn

中图分类号: TB332
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-08-09
- 修回日期: 2023-09-23
- 录用日期: 2023-10-09
- 网络出版日期: 2023-10-23

Design of carbon fiber prepreg electromagnetic wave absorbing and load-bearing integrated laminated structure for aircraft skin

Institute of Aeronautical Composite Structures, School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an 710072, China

Funds: Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (D5000220029); Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (201909053001); Fundamental Research Funds of Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Artificially-Structured Functional Materials and Devices (AFMD-KFJJ-21212)

摘要

摘要: 针对现有飞机复合材料蒙皮设计难以兼顾承载性能和吸波性能的问题，凭借碳纤维预浸料独特的力电特性，基于阻抗渐变原理设计了具有优异吸波性能的梯度碳纤维阵列，赋予结构吸波性能；利用碳纤维底板优异的承载性能，进行力学性能的增强设计。通过玻璃纤维层合结构(Glass Fiber Laminated Structure, GFLS)电磁和承载性能的双增强设计，构造了吸波/承载一体化层合结构(Integrated Laminated Structure, ILS)。电磁仿真和试验结果表明，结构实现了薄厚度下(<5 mm)宽频段(5-18 GHz)、大角度(0-70°)、高强度(平均吸收率>94%)的吸波效果。通过吸波机制研究发现了结构的谐振频率与碳纤维宽度成反比，碳纤维宽度逐层渐变的设计使结构在较宽频段范围内产生多个相近的强吸收频点，从而实现了宽频高强吸波。弯曲性能试验结果表明，一体化层合结构的比弯曲强度和比刚度相较同尺寸的玻璃纤维层合结构分别提升了86.8%和76.3%。本文通过在玻璃纤维预浸料铺层中引入碳纤维预浸料并进行结构构型设计，可实现结构吸波性能和承载性能的大幅增强，为飞机蒙皮的轻质隐身承载一体化设计提供了一种新的解决方案。
- 碳纤维预浸料 /
- 层合结构 /
- 一体化设计 /
- 阻抗渐变原理 /
- 宽频吸波
Abstract: In response to the difficulty in balancing load-bearing and electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbing performance in the design of existing aircraft composite skin, the unique mechanical and electrical characteristics of carbon fiber prepreg were utilized to enhance the mechanical and electrical properties of Glass Fiber Laminated Structure (GFLS). Gradient carbon fiber arrays were designed with excellent absorbing performance based on the impedance gradient principle, endowing the structure with EM wave absorbing performance; Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) back sheet with excellent load-bearing performance was utilized to achieve enhanced design of mechanical properties. By enhancement design of both magnetic and mechanical properties of GFLS, the EM wave absorbing and load-bearing Integrated Laminated Structure (ILS) was finally constructed. EM simulation and experiment show that the ILS realizes a broadband (5-18 GHz), multiangle (0-70°), and efficient (average absorptivity>94%) absorption effects for EM wave under thin thickness (<5 mm). Through study of absorption mechanisms, it is discovered that the resonant frequency of a structure is inversely proportional to the width of carbon fibers. The layer-by-layer gradual change of the width of the carbon fibers in the ILS is designed to produce multiple adjacent strong absorption frequency points in a wide range of frequency band, which achieves a broadband and strong EM wave absorption. The mechanical experiment results show that the specific bending strength and specific stiffness of the ILS have increased by 86.8% and 76.3% respectively, compared to the GFLS of the same size. Through the introduction of carbon fiber prepreg in glass fiber prepreg layup and structural design in this paper , the EM wave absorbing and load-bearing performance of the GFLS have significantly been enhanced, providing a novel solution for the EM wave absorbing and load-bearing integrated design of aircraft composite skin.
- carbon fiber prepreg /
- laminated structure /
- integrated design /
- impedance gradient principle /
- broadband electromagnetic wave absorption

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图 1 一体化层合结构试样：(a) 制备流程；(b) 区域划分示意图

Figure 1. ILS specimens: (a) preparation process; (b) schematic diagram of part division

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图 2 样件：(a) 力学试验；(b) 电磁试验

Figure 2. Specimens of: (a) mechanical experiments; (b) EM experiments

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图 3 一体化层合结构示意图：(a) 周期结构；(b) 尺寸参数

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of ILS: (a) periodic structure; (b) size parameters

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图 4 碳纤维阵列不同尺寸参数对吸收率的影响分析：(a) l₁；(b) d_l；(c) h₁；(d) d_h

Figure 4. Absorptivity analyses with different size parameters of CF arrays (a) l₁; (b) d_l; (c) h₁; (d) d_h

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图 5 吸收率仿真曲线

Figure 5. The simulation curve of absorptivity

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图 6 不同入射角下一体化层合结构的吸收率云图

Figure 6. The absorptivity spectrum with different incident angle θ of ILS

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图 7 电磁波吸收率测试结果与仿真结果

Figure 7. Measured and simulated result of EM wave absorptivity

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图 8 电磁波吸收机制：(a) 截面示意图；(b) 不同碳纤维条宽度下的电场和能量损耗场分布

Figure 8. EM wave absorption mechanism: (a) diagram of cross sections; (b) the distribution of E-field and power loss in differentwidths of CF strips

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图 9 试验装置和失效模式照片：(a) 玻璃纤维层合结构；(b) 一体化层合结构

Figure 9. The photos of experimental setup and failure mode: (a) GFLS;(b) ILS

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图 10 准静态三点弯曲试验载荷位移曲线

Figure 10. Load-displacement curves of quasi-static three-point bending experiments

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表 1 铺层列表

Table 1. List of layers

	ILS	GFLS
Part 1	GF:[90/0/90]	GF:[90/0/90]
Part 2	GF:[(0/90)₁₄/0] 0° CF inserted into the holes of 0° GF	GF:[(0/90)₁₄/0]
Part 3	GF:[90/0/90]	GF:[90/0/90]
Part 4	CF:[0/90/90/0]	GF:[0/90/90/0]
Summary	39 layers	39 layers

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表 2 吸波性能最优参数(尺寸单位：mm)

Table 2. The optimal parameters of absorption property (size unit: mm)

l₁	h₁	d_l	d_h	p_x	p_y	t₁	t₂
5	1.5	3.0	0.3	49	7	0.75	4.175
Notes：l₁ and h₁ represent the length and width of the shortest CF strip in ILS, respectively. d_l and d_h represent the length and width gradient of the CF strips, respectively. s and w represent the thickness and spacing of the CF strips, respectively. t₁ and t₂ represent the thickness of the CFRP back sheet and the GFRP structure, respectively. p_x and p_y represent the periodic length of the unit along the x and y directions, respectively.

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表 3 各试验样件弯曲性能

Table 3. Flexural properties of each experimental specimen

Sample number	CB-1	CB-2	CB-3	B-1	B-2	B-3
Density, g/cm³	1.404	1.544	1.404	1.684	1.544	1.544
Stiffness, N/mm	313.51	321.65	315.48	194.33	199.84	196.78
Specific stiffness, N/(g/cm²)	22.33	20.83	22.47	11.54	12.94	12.75
Flexural strength, MPa	345.77	399.10	360.76	218.43	211.57	217.85
Specific flexural strength, MPa/(g/cm³)	246.28	258.48	256.95	129.71	137.03	141.09

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表 4 两结构弯曲性能平均值及其对比

Table 4. The average and comparation of flexural properties of the two structures

	ILS	GFLS	Improvement of ILS compared with GFLS
Density, g/cm³	1.451	1.591	−8.8%
Stiffness, N/mm	316.88	196.98	60.9%
Specific stiffness, N/(g/cm²)	21.88	12.41	76.3%
Flexural strength, MPa	368.54	215.95	70.7%
Specific flexural strength, MPa/(g/cm³)	253.90	135.94	86.8%

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